!@##%#^$^&#%&%&*%*^%*^&*&%#^@%%!%#$^#$&%$*%^&$#%@#%$$@
Click here to Skip to main content
?
Not quite what you are looking for? You may want to try:•Detect Encoding for In- and Outgoing Text
•Reading Barcodes from an Image - III
highlights off
Home
10,015,116 members (49,904 online)
Sign in
.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Click here to Skip to main content
home
articlesChapters and Sections>
loading
Search
Latest Articles
Latest Tips/Tricks
Top Articles
Beginner Articles
Technical Blogs
Posting/Update Guidelines
Article Help Forum
Article Competition
Submit an article or tip
Post your Blog
quick answers Ask a Question about this article
Ask a Question
View Unanswered Questions
View All Questions...
C# questions
ASP.NET questions
VB.NET questions
C#4.0 questions
C++ questions
discussionsAll Message Boards...
Application Lifecycle>Running a Business
Sales / Marketing
Collaboration / Beta Testing
Work & Training Issues
Design and Architecture
ASP.NET
JavaScript
C / C++ / MFC>ATL / WTL / STL
Managed C++/CLI
Adobe Technologies
C#
Free Tools
Objective-C
Ruby On Rails
Database
Hardware & Devices>System Admin
Hosting and Servers
Java
.NET Framework
Mobile
VS 2012 & .NET 4.5
Sharepoint
Silverlight / WPF
Visual Basic
Web Development
Site Bugs / Suggestions
featuresComponent & Service Catalog
Competitions
News
The Insider Newsletter
Newsletter archive
Surveys
Product Showcase
Research Library
CodeProject Stuff
communityThe Insider News
The Lounge
The Weird & The Wonderful
The Soapbox
Press Releases
Who's Who
Most Valuable Professionals
Company Listings
Non-English Language >General Indian Topics
General Chinese Topics
helpWhat is 'CodeProject'?
General FAQ
Ask a Question
Bugs and Suggestions
Article Help Forum
Site Map
Advertise with us
Employment Opportunities
About Us
.
Articles » General Programming » Algorithms & Recipes » General
Next
.
Article
Browse Code
Stats
Revisions (2)
Alternatives
Comments & Discussions (55)
Detect a written text's language
By Carsten Zeumer, 21 Oct 2009
5.00 (60 votes)
1 vote, 1.7%
2 votes, 3.3%
57 votes, 95.0%
Download demo application - 516 KB
Download source - 531 KB
Introduction
Quite some time ago, I published an article on how to detect the encoding of an given text. In this article, I describe the next step on the long way to text classification: the detection of language.
The given solution is based on n-gram and word occurrence comparison.
It is suitable for any language that uses words (this is actually not true for all languages).
Depending on the model and the length of the input text, the accuracy is between 70% (only short Norwegian, Swedisch and Danisch classified by the "all" model) and 99.8%, using the "default" model.
Background
The language detection of a written text is probably one of the most basic tasks in natural language processing (NLP). For any language depending processing of an unknown text, the first thing to know is which language the text is written in. Luckily, it is one of the easier challenges that NLP has to offer. The approach I have chosen to implement is widely known and pretty straightforward. The idea is that any language has a unique set of character (co-)occurrences.
The first step is to collect those statistics for all languages that should be detectable. This is not as easy as it may sound in the first place. The problem is to collect a large set of test data (plain text) that contains only one language and that is not domain specific. (Only newspaper articles may lack the use of the word “I” and direct speech. Using Shakespeare plays will not be the best approach to detect contemporary texts. Medical articles tend to contain too many domain specific terms which are not even language specific (major, minor, arteria etc…).) And if that would not be hard enough, the texts should not be copyrighted. (I am not sure if this is a true requirement. Are the results of statistical analytics of copyrighted texts also copyrighted?) I have chosen to use Wikipedia as my primary source. I had to do some filtering to "clean" the sources from the ever present English phrases that occur in almost any article – no matter what language they are written in (I actually used Babel itself to detect the English phrases). The clean up was in no way perfect. Wikipedia contains a lot of proper names (i.e., band names) that often contain a “the” or an “and”. This is why those words occur in many languages even if they are not part of the language. This must not necessarily be a disadvantage, because Anglicism is widely spread across many languages. I created three statistics for each language:
•Character set
Some languages have a very specific Character set (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, and Russian); for others, some characters give a good hint of what languages come in question (e.g., the German Umlauts).
•N-Grams
After tokenizing the text into words (where applicable), the occurrences of each 1, 2, and 3-grams were counted. Some n-grams are very language specific (e.g., the "TH" in English).
•Word list
The last source of disambiguation is the actually used words. Some languages (like Portuguese and Spanish) are almost identical in used characters and also the occurrences of the specific n-grams. Still, different words are used in different frequencies.
A set of statistics is called a model. I have created some subsets of the "all" model that meet my needs the best (see table below). The "common" model contains the 10 most spoken languages in the world. The “small” and “default” are based on my usage scenarios. If you are from another part of the world, your preferences might be different. So please take no offence in my choice of what languages are contained in which model.
All statistics are ordered and ranked by their occurrences. Within the demo application, all models can be studied in detail. Classification of an unknown text is straightforward. The text is tokenized and the three tables for the statistics are generated. The result table is compared to all tables in the model, and a distance is calculated. The comparison table from the model that has the smallest distance to the unknown text is most likely the language of the text.
Sample model
Using the code
Quick word about the code
Babel is part of a larger project. I wanted the Babel assembly to work stand-alone. Since some of the used classes originally were scattered across many assemblies, I used the define "_DIALOGUEMASTER" to indicate whether to use the DialogueMaster™ assemblies or implement (a probably simpler) version in place.
Any impartand DialogueMaster™ class is remotable. The clients need only one assembly containing all the interface definitions. This is why Babel uses so many interfaces where they might seem to bloat the code in the first place. Additionally, DialogueMaster™ offers lots of PerformanceCounters. I chose to omit them for an easier usage of the assembly (no installation and no admin rights needed).
What I actually want to say is: the code is not as readable and clean as it could (and should) be.
Classify text
Usage of the code is straightforward. First, you must chose (or create your own) model. The ClassifyText method returns a ICategoryList which is a list of ICateogry (name-score pairs) items sorted descending by their score.
Collapse | Copy Code
using System;
//
// Most simple samlple
//
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel model = DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel._AllModel;
String s = System.Console.ReadLine();
while (s.Length > 0)
{
DialogueMaster.Classification.ICategoryList result = model.ClassifyText(s, 10);
foreach (DialogueMaster.Classification.ICategory category in result)
{
System.Console.Out.WriteLine(" {0} : {1}", category.Name, category.Score);
}
s = System.Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Define your own model
From existing set
To define your own model from the existing set of languages, simply create a new BabelModel and add the required languages from the _AllModel.
Collapse | Copy Code
class Program2
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create a custom model
DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel model = new DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel();
model.Add("de", DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel._AllModel["de"]);
model.Add("en", DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel._AllModel["en"]);
model.Add("sv", DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel._AllModel["sv"]);
// ask the user for some input
String s = System.Console.ReadLine();
while (s.Length > 0)
{
// classify it
DialogueMaster.Classification.ICategoryList result = model.ClassifyText(s, 10);
// and dump the result
foreach (DialogueMaster.Classification.ICategory category in result)
{
System.Console.Out.WriteLine(" {0} : {1}", category.Name, category.Score);
}
s = System.Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Add new language
To add a new language is pretty straightforward. All you need is some learn data text.
Collapse | Copy Code
class Program3
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create a custom model
DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel model = new DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel();
TokenTable klingonTable = new TokenTable(new FileInfo("LearnData\\Klingon.txt"));
TokenTable vulcanTable = new TokenTable(new FileInfo("LearnData\\Vulcan.txt"));
model.Add("kling", klingonTable);
model.Add("vulcan", klingonTable);
model.Add("en", DialogueMaster.Babel.BabelModel._AllModel["en"]);
// ask the user for some input
String s = System.Console.ReadLine();
while (s.Length > 0)
{
// classify it
DialogueMaster.Classification.ICategoryList result = model.ClassifyText(s, 10);
// and dump the result
foreach (DialogueMaster.Classification.ICategory category in result)
{
System.Console.Out.WriteLine(" {0} : {1}", category.Name, category.Score);
}
s = System.Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Points of interest
Supported languages
Language Code
Language
Quality
Default
Common
Large
Small
nl Dutch 13 x x
en English 13 x x x x
ca Catalan 13
fr French 13 x x x x
es Spanish 13 x x x x
no Norwegian 13 x x
da Danish 13 x x
it Italian 13 x x
sv Swedish 13 x x
de German 13 x x x x
pt Portuguese 13 x x x
ro Romanian 13
vi Vietnamese 13
tr Turkish 13 x
fi Finnish 12 x
hu Hungarian 12 x
cs Czech 12 x
pl Polish 12 x
el Greek 12 x
fa Persian 12
he Hebrew 12
sr Serbian 12
sl Slovenian 12
ar Arabic 12 x
nn Norwegian, Nynorsk (Norway) 12
ru Russian 11 x x
et Estonian 11
ko Korean 10
hi Hindi 10 x
is Icelandic 10
th Thai 9
bn Bengali (Bangladesh) 9 x
ja Japanese 9 x
zh Chinese (Simplified) 8 x
se Sami (Northern) (Sweden) 5
References
•NGram
•Language Identification from Text Using N-gram Based Cumulative Frequency Addition
History
•10/10/2009: Initial version released.
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
About the Author
Carsten Zeumer
Software Developer (Senior)
Germany Germany
Carsten started programming Basic and Assembler back in the 80’s when he got his first C64. After switching to a x86 based system he started programming in Pascal and C. He started Windows programming with the arrival of Windows 3.0. After working for various internet companies developing a linguistic text analysis and classification software for 25hours communications he is now working as a contractor.
Carsten lives in Hamburg, Germany with his wife and five children. .
.
.
Article Top
loading...
Sign Up to vote Poor Excellent
.
Comments and Discussions
You must Sign In to use this message board.
Search this forum
.
Profile popups SpacingRelaxedCompactTight NoiseVery HighHighMediumLowVery Low LayoutNormalOpen TopicsOpen AllThread ViewNo JavascriptPreview Per page102550
First PrevNext
Question Adding a language member veterko 3-Jul-13 12:54
Hi,
I tried to test Program3, to add a new language, but at Babel.cs i get array out of bounds error, at line maxScore = charsetVoters[0].Score;
I think my problem occurs at(in Babel.cs):
double score = catTable.CharsetTable.CharsetComparisonScore(tblTest.CharsetTable, threshold);
variable score is always NaN.
Do I do something wrong in the txt learn data files?
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Question Slim Shady member Member 9323233 9-Jun-13 22:38
so nice but it's incorrect about "slim shady"!!!!
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Question Model source exists on code project? member Zoltan Ludanyi 26-May-13 12:27
Hi Carsten!
I can't find n-gramm modells for each languages.
Can you give me a link for that?
Is your code open-source licensed to port other languages?
Thanks,
Zoltan
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Answer Re: Model source exists on code project? member Carsten Zeumer 26-May-13 19:28
Hi Zoltan,
the models are bundled in binary form with the source. They are generated from the corresponsding wikipedia corpora (which are a few GB to much to be uploaded to codeproject).
You are free to add ore replace any language as you like.
Cheers,
Carsten
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Question my vote is 5 member Sumeet Kumar G 9-Apr-13 7:03
Really Good,
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Question ?? member Mehrdad keshavarzi 4-Apr-13 1:48
Hi
I am looking for a piece of software you'd like to add that when certain words are detected by the algorithm that the words I'm decoding?
If you please tell me the code and place'm grateful.
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
General My vote of 5 member pistol350 18-Feb-13 21:20
Really impressive!
Thanks for sharing your work!
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Answer how do you compare the values of n-gram table of the text with values in words table member mamooshi 11-Feb-13 2:56
thank you so much Smile | :) is there anyway for you to look at that code and see what is the relationship beetween the result of ngram and word tables! i saw your code but i don't understand well that what you have done ! i find the classify text function but i can't understand it well! and i am sorry again that my English is not well :(
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Question how do you compare the values of n-gram table of the text with values in words table member mamooshi 11-Feb-13 1:54
hi i have one question about the way you calculate the result.( in n-gram tables and in word tables)? do you add the result of ngram tables to the result of words tables or something like that? how do you compare the values of n-gram table of the text with values of the words table? thank you for your time
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Answer Re: how do you compare the values of n-gram table of the text with values in words table member Carsten Zeumer 11-Feb-13 1:58
Hi Mamooshi,
it is something like that Wink | ;) I actually don't have the code right here at hand...
I remember, that the algorythm was a combination of the three tables for charset, NGram and words. But I do not rememeber how the weighting was actually done. I'd need a look at the code for that...
/carsten
24 hours is not enough
Sign In·View Thread·Permalink
Last Visit: 31-Dec-99 18:00 Last Update: 11-Aug-13 13:30 Refresh 123456 Next »
General General News News Suggestion Suggestion Question Question Bug Bug Answer Answer Joke Joke Rant Rant Admin Admin
About Article
An article on how to detect the language of a written text.
Type Article
Licence CPOL
First Posted 21 Oct 2009
Views 40,387
Downloads 3,423
Bookmarked 102 times
.NET2.0C#2.0.NET3.0
C#3.0.NET3.5Dev, +
Top News
HTTPS Hackable In 30 Seconds: DHS Alert
Get the Insider News free each morning.
Related Videos
Related Articles
Detect Encoding for In- and Outgoing Text
Reading Barcodes from an Image - III
Detect image skew angle and deskew image
Multiple face detection and recognition in real time
Google Translator API v2 Implementation
Detect if JavaScript is enabled in ASPX
Browser and Feature Detection: Make your Website look Great Everywhere
Read Barcodes from an Image
How to detect browser close when browser [X] is clicked ?
Brainnet 1 - A Neural Netwok Project - With Illustration And Code - Learn Neural Network Programming Step By Step And Develop a Simple Handwriting Detection System
Outline Text
Microsoft Office Version Detector
Fun with Google Text To Speech eBook reader using minimalistic approach
XEmphasisButton - bold and underlined text in a non-ownerdraw button
Static code analysis
WPF Data Binding - Part 1
Automatically hyperlink URL and Email in ASP.NET Pages with C#
POP3 Email Client with full MIME Support (.NET 2.0)
Using AvalonEdit (WPF Text Editor)
NotifyWindow: A different MSN Messenger style notification window
ART OF EUROPE
poetry | prints | cine | home
William Shakespeare - To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1)
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause: there's the respect
That makes calamity of so long life;
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
No traveller returns, puzzles the will
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pith and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action. - Soft you now!
The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisons
Be all my sins remember'd.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
& kenneth branagh doing to be...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
& there's hamlet in the graveyard, here
& there's ophelia, a little unwell, here
fine art prints | home
Apache Traffic Server
The Apache Software Foundation
Sample Source Code
Next Back Top
This appendix provides several source code examples. In the online formats of this book, function calls are linked to their references in the previous chapters. The following sample plugins are provided:
•blacklist-1.c
blacklist-1.c
The sample blacklisting plugin included in the Traffic Server SDK is blacklist-1.c. This plugin checks every incoming HTTP client request against a list of blacklisted web sites. If the client requests a blacklisted site, then the plugin returns an Access forbidden message to the client.
This plugin illustrates:
•
An HTTP transaction extension
•
How to examine HTTP request headers
•
How to use the logging interface
•
How to use the plugin configuration management interface
/* blacklist-1.c: An example program that denies client access
* to blacklisted sites. This plugin illustrates
* how to use configuration information from the
* blacklist.txt configuration file.
*
* Usage:
* (Solaris) : blacklist-1.so
*
*
*/
#include
#include
#include
#define MAX_NSITES 500
static char* sites[MAX_NSITES];
static int nsites;
static TSMutex sites_mutex;
static TSTextLogObject log;
static void
handle_dns (TSHttpTxn txnp, TSCont contp)
{
TSMBuffer bufp;
TSMLoc hdr_loc;
TSMLoc url_loc;
const char *host;
int i;
int host_length;
if (!TSHttpTxnClientReqGet (txnp, &bufp, &hdr_loc)) {
TSError ("couldn't retrieve client request header\n");
goto done;
}
url_loc = TSHttpHdrUrlGet (bufp, hdr_loc);
if (!url_loc) {
TSError ("couldn't retrieve request url\n");
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
goto done;
}
host = TSUrlHostGet (bufp, url_loc, &host_length);
if (!host) {
TSError ("couldn't retrieve request hostname\n");
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, hdr_loc, url_loc);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
goto done;
}
TSMutexLock(sites_mutex);
for (i = 0; i < nsites; i++) {
if (strncmp (host, sites[i], host_length) == 0) {
if (log) {
TSTextLogObjectWrite(log, "blacklisting site: %s", sites[i]);
} else {
printf ("blacklisting site: %s\n", sites[i]);
}
TSHttpTxnHookAdd (txnp, TS_HTTP_SEND_RESPONSE_HDR_HOOK, contp);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, hdr_loc, url_loc);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
TSHttpTxnReenable (txnp, TS_EVENT_HTTP_ERROR);
TSMutexUnlock(sites_mutex);
return;
}
}
TSMutexUnlock(sites_mutex);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, hdr_loc, url_loc);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
done:
TSHttpTxnReenable (txnp, TS_EVENT_HTTP_CONTINUE);
}
static void
handle_response (TSHttpTxn txnp)
{
TSMBuffer bufp;
TSMLoc hdr_loc;
TSMLoc url_loc;
char *url_str;
char *buf;
int url_length;
if (!TSHttpTxnClientRespGet (txnp, &bufp, &hdr_loc)) {
TSError ("couldn't retrieve client response header\n");
goto done;
}
TSHttpHdrStatusSet (bufp, hdr_loc, TS_HTTP_STATUS_FORBIDDEN);
TSHttpHdrReasonSet (bufp, hdr_loc,
TSHttpHdrReasonLookup (TS_HTTP_STATUS_FORBIDDEN),
strlen (TSHttpHdrReasonLookup (TS_HTTP_STATUS_FORBIDDEN)) );
if (!TSHttpTxnClientReqGet (txnp, &bufp, &hdr_loc)) {
TSError ("couldn't retrieve client request header\n");
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
goto done;
}
url_loc = TSHttpHdrUrlGet (bufp, hdr_loc);
if (!url_loc) {
TSError ("couldn't retrieve request url\n");
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
goto done;
}
buf = (char *)TSmalloc (4096);
url_str = TSUrlStringGet (bufp, url_loc, &url_length);
sprintf (buf, "You are forbidden from accessing \"%s\"\n", url_str);
TSfree (url_str);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, hdr_loc, url_loc);
TSHandleMLocRelease (bufp, TS_NULL_MLOC, hdr_loc);
TSHttpTxnErrorBodySet (txnp, buf, strlen (buf), NULL);
done:
TSHttpTxnReenable (txnp, TS_EVENT_HTTP_CONTINUE);
}
static void
read_blacklist (void)
{
char blacklist_file[1024];
TSFile file;
sprintf (blacklist_file, "%s/blacklist.txt", TSPluginDirGet());
file = TSfopen(blacklist_file, "r");
TSMutexLock (sites_mutex);
nsites = 0;
if (file != NULL) {
char buffer[1024];
while (TSfgets (file, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1) != NULL && nsites < MAX_NSITES) {
char* eol;
if ((eol = strstr(buffer, "\r\n")) != NULL) {
/* To handle newlines on Windows */
*eol = '\0';
} else if ((eol = strchr(buffer, '\n')) != NULL) {
*eol = '\0';
} else {
/* Not a valid line, skip it */
continue;
}
if (sites[nsites] != NULL) {
TSfree (sites[nsites]);
}
sites[nsites] = TSstrdup (buffer);
nsites++;
}
TSfclose (file);
} else {
TSError ("unable to open %s\n", blacklist_file);
TSError ("all sites will be allowed\n", blacklist_file);
}
TSMutexUnlock (sites_mutex);
}
static int
blacklist_plugin (TSCont contp, TSEvent event, void *edata)
{
TSHttpTxn txnp = (TSHttpTxn) edata;
switch (event) {
case TS_EVENT_HTTP_OS_DNS:
handle_dns (txnp, contp);
return 0;
case TS_EVENT_HTTP_SEND_RESPONSE_HDR:
handle_response (txnp);
return 0;
case TS_EVENT_MGMT_UPDATE:
read_blacklist ();
return 0;
default:
break;
}
return 0;
}
int
check_ts_version()
{
const char *ts_version = TSTrafficServerVersionGet();
int result = 0;
if (ts_version) {
int major_ts_version = 0;
int minor_ts_version = 0;
int patch_ts_version = 0;
if (sscanf(ts_version, "%d.%d.%d", &major_ts_version, &minor_ts_version, &patch_ts_version) != 3) {
return 0;
}
/* Need at least TS 2.0 */
if (major_ts_version >= 2) {
result = 1;
}
}
return result;
}
void
TSPluginInit (int argc, const char *argv[])
{
int i;
TSCont contp;
TSPluginRegistrationInfo info;
int error;
info.plugin_name = "blacklist-1";
info.vendor_name = "DsCompany";
info.support_email = "ts-api-support@DsCompany.com";
if (!TSPluginRegister (TS_SDK_VERSION_2_0 , &info)) {
TSError ("Plugin registration failed.\n");
}
if (!check_ts_version()) {
TSError ("Plugin requires Traffic Server 2.0 or later\n");
return;
}
/* create an TSTextLogObject to log blacklisted requests to */
log = TSTextLogObjectCreate("blacklist", TS_LOG_MODE_ADD_TIMESTAMP,
NULL, &error);
if (!log) {
printf("Blacklist plugin: error %d while creating log\n", error);
}
sites_mutex = TSMutexCreate ();
nsites = 0;
for (i = 0; i < MAX_NSITES; i++) {
sites[i] = NULL;
}
read_blacklist ();
contp = TSContCreate (blacklist_plugin, NULL);
TSHttpHookAdd (TS_HTTP_OS_DNS_HOOK, contp);
TSMgmtUpdateRegister (contp, "Super Blacklist Plugin", "blacklist.cgi");
}
Programmers GuidePrefaceHow to Use This Book
Typographical Conventions
Getting StartedA Simple Plugin
Plugin Registration and Version Checking
Naming Conventions
How to Create Traffic Server PluginsRoadmap for Creating Plugins
Remap PluginExample: Query Remap Plugin
Header-Based Plugin ExamplesThe Blacklist PluginSetting a Global Hook
Accessing the Transaction Being Processed
Setting Up a Transaction Hook
Working with HTTP Header Functions
The Basic Authorization PluginImplementing the Handler and Getting a Handle to the Transaction
Working With HTTP Headers
Setting a Transaction Hook
HTTP Transformation PluginsThe Sample Null Transform Plugin
The Append-Transform Plugin
The Sample Buffered Null Transform Plugin
New Protocol Plugins
HTTP Hooks and TransactionsAdding Hooks
HTTP Sessions
HTTP Transactions
Intercepting HTTP Transactions
Initiate HTTP Connection
HTTP Alternate Selection
Miscellaneous Interface GuideThe TSfopen Family
Memory Allocation
Thread Functions
HTTP HeadersGuide to Traffic Server HTTP Header SystemDuplicate MIME Fields Are Not Coalesced
MIME Fields Always Belong to an Associated MIME Header
Release Marshal Buffer Handles
Marshal Buffers
HTTP Headers
URLs
MIME Headers
Mutex Guide
ContinuationsHow to Activate Continuations
Writing Handler Functions
Plugin Configurations
Actions GuideHosts Lookup API
IO GuideNet Vconnections
Transformations
VIOs
IO Buffers
Guide to the Cache APIHow to Do a Cache Write
How to Do a Cache Remove
Errors
Example
Plugin ManagementReading Traffic Server Settings and Statistics
Guide to the Logging API
Adding StatisticsCoupled Statistics
Viewing Statistics Using Traffic Line
Sample Source Code
Troubleshooting TipsUnable to Load Plugins
Using Debug Tags
Using a Debugger
Debugging Memory Leaks
RSS Log in / register
No comments have been made so far.
Copyright © 2013 The Apache Software Foundation. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Apache Traffic Server, Apache, the Apache Traffic Server logo, and the Apache feather logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.
The Apache Software Foundation
Ãîñòü
Ñàéò ðàçðàáîò÷èêà Àëåêñàíäð Êëèìîâà
/* Ìîÿ êîøêà çàìå÷àòåëüíî ðàçáèðàåòñÿ â ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè. Ñòîèò ìíå îáúÿñíèòü ïðîáëåìó åé - è âñå ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÿñíî. */
John Robbins, Debugging Applications, Microsoft Press, 2000
top.mail.ru
XML-êîììåíòàðèè â C#
Âåðîÿòíî âû ñëûøàëè îá îñîáîì âèäå êîììåíòàðèåâ â Visual Stuidio – XML-êîììåíòàðèè. Ïîãîâîðèì î íèõ ïîäðîáíåå è ðàçáåðåìñÿ, çà÷åì îíè íóæíû ïðîãðàììèñòó.
Åñëè êîðîòêî, òî C# ïîçâîëÿåò ðàçðàáîò÷èêàì âñòðàèâàòü XML-êîììåíòàðèè â èñõîäíûé êîä, à çàòåì ñ èõ ïîìîùüþ ñîçäàâàòü äîêóìåíòàöèþ ïðÿìî èç èñõîäíûõ ôàéëîâ Visual Studio. Ýòî î÷åíü ïîëåçíàÿ ôóíêöèîíàëüíîñòü, îñîáåííî êîãäà íàä ïðîåêòîì ðàáîòàþò íåñêîëüêî ïðîãðàììèñòîâ. Ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèé àíàëèçàòîð (parser) C# ìîæåò ðàñêðûâàòü òàêèå XML-òýãè, ïðåäîñòàâëÿÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ, è ýêñïîðòèðîâàòü èõ âî âíåøíèé äîêóìåíò äëÿ äàëüíåéøåé îáðàáîòêè.
 ýòîé ñòàòüå ìû ðàññìîòðèì ïðèìåíåíèå XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ è äàäèì îáúÿñíåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì òýãàì. Ìû óâèäèì, êàê íàñòðîèòü ïðîåêò íà ýêñïîðò XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ â ïîäõîäÿùóþ äëÿ äðóãèõ ðàçðàáîò÷èêîâ äîêóìåíòàöèþ. Òàêæå äåìîíñòðèðóåòñÿ, êàê èñïîëüçîâàòü êîììåíòàðèè äëÿ ãåíåðàöèè ñïðàâî÷íûõ ôàéëîâ.
Ñàìà âîçìîæíîñòü õðàíèòü èíôîðìàöèþ î êîäå â ñàìîì êîäå – ýòî î÷åíü óäîáíî. Ïîäîáíîå ðåøåíèå îáëåã÷àåò èçìåíåíèå äîêóìåíòàöèè îäíîâðåìåííî ñ èñõîäíûì êîäîì. Âåäü ðàçáèðàòüñÿ â ÷óæîì êîäå — çàäà÷à íåáëàãîäàðíàÿ äàæå äëÿ îïûòíûõ ïðîãðàììèñòîâ. ×òî óæ ãîâîðèòü î òåõ, êòî íå ñëèøêîì ïîäêîâàí â ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè.
XML-êîììåíòàðèè ïîìîãàþò ðåøèòü ìíîãèå ïðîáëåìû. Êîììåíòàðèè ê êîäó, ðóêîâîäñòâà ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ, ïëàíû òåñòèðîâàíèÿ è ìíîæåñòâî äðóãîé äîêóìåíòàöèè ìîæíî ãåíåðèðîâàòü èç îäíîãî èñòî÷íèêà ÷åðåç XML-òýãè. Ìû óâèäèì, êàê âñòàâëÿòü XML-êîììåíòàðèè è ðàçðåøàòü èõ ýêñïîðò â äðóãîé ôàéë. Äàëåå ìû îáñóäèì âñå äîñòóïíûå òýãè è ôîðìàò XML-ôàéëà, â êîòîðûé îíè ïîìåùàþòñÿ, è íà ïðàêòèêå ñîçäàäèì ñïðàâî÷íûå ôàéëû íà îñíîâå XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ è XSLT.
Òåîðèÿ
Êàæäûé XML-êîììåíòàðèé íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ òðåõ ñèìâîëîâ «///». Ïåðâûå äâà îáîçíà÷àþò îáû÷íûé êîììåíòàðèé è óêàçûâàþò êîìïèëÿòîðó èãíîðèðîâàòü äàëüíåéøèé òåêñò, à òðåòèé ñîîáùàåò ñèíòàêñè÷åñêîìó àíàëèçàòîðó, ÷òî ýòî XML-êîììåíòàðèé, êîòîðûé ñëåäóåò îáðàáàòûâàòü ïî-îñîáîìó.
Êîãäà ðàçðàáîò÷èê íàáèðàåò òðè ñèìâîëà «///» ïîäðÿä, èíòåãðèðîâàííàÿ ñðåäà ðàçðàáîòêè (IDE) Visual Studio ïðîâåðÿåò, íå ïðåäøåñòâóþò ëè îíè ðàñïîçíàâàåìîìó òèïó èëè îïðåäåëåíèþ ýëåìåíòà òèïà. Åñëè äà, IDE àâòîìàòè÷åñêè âñòàâëÿåò íåêîòîðûå òýãè. Ïîñëå ýòîãî ðàçðàáîò÷èê ìîæåò äîáàâèòü äðóãèå íóæíûå åìó òýãè è çíà÷åíèÿ.
Äàâàéòå ïðîâåðèì ýòî íà ïðàêòèêå. Ñîçäàäèì êàêóþ-íèáóäü ôóíêöèþ ñ ïàðàìåòðîì. Íàïðèìåð, òàê.
private void ShowMessage(string msg)
{
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
highlight: cs
Íåçàìûñëîâàòûé êîä, êîòîðûé âûâîäèò îáû÷íîå îêíî ñ ñîîáùåíèåì. Òåïåðü ïåðåéäèòå íà ñòðî÷êó âûøå îïèñàííîé ôóíêöèè è ïîñòàâüòå ïîäðÿä òðè ñèìâîëà «///». Ó âàñ ñðàçó ñãåíåðèðóåòñÿ çàãîòîâêà, êîòîðàÿ áóäåò âûãëÿäåòü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì.
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg"></param>
private void ShowMessage(string msg)
{
MessageBox.Show(msg);
}
highlight: cs
Êàê âèäèòå, ó âàñ ïîÿâèëèñü XML-òýãè <summary> è <param>. Òàêèõ òýãîâ ãîðàçäî áîëüøå. Ñòîèò çàìåòèòü, ÷òî òåêóùàÿ ðåàëèçàöèÿ IntelliSense â Visual Studio ðàñïîçíàåò íå âñå ïåðå÷èñëåííûå â ñïåöèôèêàöèè C# òýãè, íî íåäîñòàþùèå òýãè âñåãäà ìîæíî âñòàâèòü âðó÷íóþ.
Ïîñëå òîãî, êàê âû ðàññòàâèòå âñå êîììåíòàðèè â ñâîåì êîäå, íåïëîõî áû ÷òî-íèáóäü ñ íèìè ñäåëàòü. Íàïðèìåð, ýêñïîðòèðîâàòü âî âíåøíèé ôàéë âñåãî òåêñòà, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî çà òðåìÿ ñèìâîëàìè «///».
Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ïðåäîïðåäåëåííûõ XML-òýãîâ, èçâåñòíûõ ñèíòàêñè÷åñêîìó àíàëèçàòîðó. Îáíàðóæèâàÿ ýòè òýãè (ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî ðàçðàáîò÷èê ïðàâèëüíî èìè âîñïîëüçîâàëñÿ), îí ôîðìàòèðóåò èõ òåêñò è âûâîäèò â òåêñòîâûé ôàéë. Åñëè âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òýã, îòëè÷íûé îò ïðåäîïðåäåëåííîãî, îí è åãî òåêñò áåç èçìåíåíèé âêëþ÷àþòñÿ âî âíåøíèé ôàéë. Áëàãîäàðÿ ýòîìó âû ìîæåòå ñîçäàâàòü ñîáñòâåííûå òýãè èëè äàæå èñïîëüçîâàòü èçâåñòíûå òýãè èç äðóãèõ èñòî÷íèêîâ (íàïðèìåð, HTML).
Êîãäà ýêñïîðò íàñòðîåí ïðàâèëüíî, ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèé àíàëèçàòîð C# èçâëåêàåò XML-êîììåíòàðèè, ôîðìàòèðóåò èõ è ïîìåùàåò â âûáðàííûé XML-ôàéë. Çàäàòü ìåñòîíàõîæäåíèå è èìÿ ôàéëà XML-äîêóìåíòà, à òàêæå ðàçðåøèòü ýêñïîðò ìîæíî íà ñòðàíèöàõ ñâîéñòâ ïðîåêòà.
Äëÿ ýòîãî îòêðîéòå ñâîéñòâà ïðîåêòà (Project | Èìÿ ïðîåêòà Properties) è â ïîÿâèâøåìñÿ äèàëîãîâîì îêíå âûáåðèòå âêëàäêó Build. Â ïðàâîé ñåêöèè îêíà âû óâèäèòå ïîëå XML Documentation File. Óêàæèòå â íåì ïóòü (îòíîñèòåëüíî êàòàëîãà ïðîåêòà) è èìÿ íóæíîãî ôàéëà.
 äàííîì ñëó÷àå â êà÷åñòâå èìåíè äîêóìåíòà èñïîëüçîâàëîñü èìÿ, ïðåäëîæåííîå Visual Studio. Åñëè âû íå óêàæåòå çäåñü ïóòü è èìÿ ôàéëà (âàðèàíò ïî óìîë÷àíèþ), XML-êîììåíòàðèè íå áóäóò èçâëåêàòüñÿ â îòäåëüíûé ôàéë.
Ðàñïîçíàâàåìûå òýãè
Ìîæíî ðàçäåëèòü òýãè XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ íà äâå êàòåãîðèè.  ïåðâóþ âõîäÿò ïåðâè÷íûå òýãè (primary tags); ñ íèõ âñåãäà íà÷èíàåòñÿ êàêàÿ-ëèáî ãðóïïà òýãîâ XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ. Ïåðâè÷íûå òýãè íèêîãäà íå âêëàäûâàþòñÿ â äðóãèå òýãè. Êî âòîðîé êàòåãîðèè îòíîñÿòñÿ òýãè, èñïîëüçóåìûå ñîâìåñòíî ñ ïåðâè÷íûìè â êà÷åñòâå ìîäèôèêàòîðîâ òåêñòà. Íàçîâåì èõ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûìè (support tags). ×òîáû ðàçëè÷àòü âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå è HTML-òýãè, ïåðâûå íàáèðàþòñÿ â íèæíåì ðåãèñòðå, âòîðûå — â âåðõíåì. Ïðèìåðû ïåðâè÷íûõ è âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ òýãîâ, êîòîðûå áóäóò ðàññìîòðåíû â ñòàòüå, ïðèâåäåíû â ñëåäóþùåì ëèñòèíãå.
Ëèñòèíã 1. Ôðàãìåíò ôàéëà GiveHelpTransforms.cs
namespace GiveHelp
{
/// <remarks>
/// Class that contains functions to do transformations to help
/// files. The source XML is loaded into the <see cref="SourceXML"/>
/// property (e.g. <c><I>obj</I>.SourceXML = "<I>XML goes
/// here</I>"</c>). One of the associated member functions
/// (<see cref="GiveTypeListHTMLHelp"/>,
/// <see cref="GiveMemberListHTMLHelp"/>,
/// <see cref="GiveMemberHTMLHelp"/>)
/// is called to initiate and then return the transformation.
/// <para>
/// <list type="table">
/// <listheader>
/// <term>Help Page</term>
/// <description>Function to call</description>
/// </listheader>
/// <item><term>List of Types</term>
/// <description>GiveTypeListHTMLHelp</description></item>
/// <item><term>List of members</term>
/// <description>GiveMemberListHTMLHelp</description></item>
/// <item><term>Help for a single member</term>
/// <description>GiveMemberHTMLHelp</description></item>
/// </list>
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
/// <permission cref="">public</permission>
/// <example><code>
/// // Ñîçäàòü êëàññ, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ
/// GiveHelpTransforms ght = new GiveHelpTransforms();
/// // Çàãðóçèòü XML â ñâîéñòâî SourceXML
/// ght.LoadXMLFromFile(
/// "E:\\Inetpub\\wwwroot\\GiveHelp\\GiveHelpDoc.xml");
///
/// // Âûïîëíèòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå è âûâåñòè ñòðîêó
/// Response.Write( ght.
/// GiveMemberHTMLHelp(Request.QueryString.Get("Type"),
/// Request.QueryString.Get("Member")) );
/// </code></example>
public class GiveHelpTransforms
{
...
/// <summary>
/// Calling this function will take the XML in <see
/// cref="SourceXML"/>
highlight: cs
Ñóùåñòâóåò 9 ïåðâè÷íûõ òýãîâ: <remarks>, <summary>, <example>, <exception>, <param>, <permission>, <returns>, <seealso> è <include>.  ýòîì êîíòåêñòå òýã <remarks> èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ êàêîãî-ëèáî òèïà, íàïðèìåð êëàññà:
/// <remarks>
/// Êëàññ, ñîäåðæàùèé ôóíêöèè äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé â ñïðàâî÷íûõ ôàéëàõ
/// </remarks>
highlight: cs
 äîêóìåíòàöèè ïî ÿçûêó C# ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ ïðèìåíÿòü òýã <remarks> äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ òèïà, à òýã <summary> — äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ýëåìåíòà òèïà. Îäíàêî, åñëè ïåðåä òèïîì ââåñòè êîìáèíàöèþ «///», Visual Studio IDE âñòàâèò òýã <summary>. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, òýã <remarks> íàäî ââîäèòü âðó÷íóþ.
Òýã <summary>
Èç âñåõ òýãîâ â ôàéëàõ èñõîäíîãî êîäà íà C# ÷àùå âñåãî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òýã <summary>. Îí îïèñûâàåò ýëåìåíòû (÷ëåíû) òèïà, âêëþ÷àÿ ìåòîäû, ñâîéñòâà è ïîëÿ:
/// <summary>
/// Ýòîò àòðèáóò, îñíîâàííûé íà XmlDocument, ñîäåðæèò
/// XML-äîêóìåíòàöèþ ïî ïðîåêòó
/// </summary>
highlight: cs
Ñ ïîìîùüþ òýãà <summary> ìîæíî îïèñûâàòü è ñàìè òèïû, íî ýòî íå ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ. Êàê óæå ãîâîðèëîñü âûøå äëÿ òèïîâ íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü òýã <remarks>.
Äðóãèå òýãè
Òýã <example> âûäåëÿåò ïðèìåð èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýëåìåíòà. Ïðèìåðîì ìîæåò áûòü ëþáîé òåêñò, â òîì ÷èñëå ôðàãìåíò êîäà:
/// <example>
/// <code>
/// // Ñîçäàòü êëàññ äëÿ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé
/// GiveHelpTransforms ght = new GiveHelpTransforms();
/// // Çàãðóçèòü XML â ñâîéñòâî SourceXML
/// ght.LoadXMLFromFile(
/// "E:\\Inetpub\\wwwroot\\GiveHelp\\GiveHelpDoc.xml");
/// </code>
/// </example>
highlight: cs
Êîä îáû÷íî ïîìå÷àåòñÿ òýãîì <code> (î íåì — â ðàçäåëå ïî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì òýãàì).
Òýã <exception> äîêóìåíòèðóåò èñêëþ÷åíèÿ, êîòîðûå ìîæåò ãåíåðèðîâàòü ýëåìåíò. Äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ íåñêîëüêèõ èñêëþ÷åíèé ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü íåñêîëüêî òàêèõ òýãîâ.  îòëè÷èå îò áîëüøèíñòâà äðóãèõ òýãîâ, <exception> èìååò îäèí àòðèáóò — cref. Åãî çíà÷åíèå — èìÿ âîçáóæäàåìîãî èñêëþ÷åíèÿ.
Ïðè ýòîì âû äîëæíû óêàçûâàòü ñóùåñòâóþùèé êëàññ, òàê êàê ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèé àíàëèçàòîð C# ïðîâåðÿåò åãî è èçâëåêàåò èç íåãî êîíòåêñòíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ, ïîìåùàåìóþ â XML-äîêóìåíòàöèþ.
 êîäå, ïðèâåäåííîì íèæå, íèêàêèå èñêëþ÷åíèÿ íå ãåíåðèðóþòñÿ, íî ÿ âñå æå ðàññìîòðèì ïðèìåíåíèå àòðèáóòà cref â òýãå <exception>
/// <exception cref="SampleException">
/// Îáû÷íî çäåñü îïèñûâàåòñÿ èñêëþ÷åíèå
/// </exception>
highlight: cs
Òýã <param> îïèñûâàåò ïàðàìåòðû ìåòîäà èëè ñâîéñòâà. Îí àâòîìàòè÷åñêè âñòàâëÿåòñÿ IDE, åñëè ïåðåä ìåòîäîì óêàçûâàþòñÿ òðè ñèìâîëà «///». Òýã <param> èìååò îäèí àòðèáóò — name — ñîâïàäàþùèé ñ èìåíåì ïàðàìåòðà:
/// <param name="strFilePath">Ïóòü ê ôàéëó, ñîäåðæàùåìó
/// èñõîäíûé XML</param>
highlight: cs
Òýã <permission>
Ðàçðåøåíèå íà äîñòóï ê ýëåìåíòàì óêàçûâàåòñÿ â òýãå <permission>. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé åìó òåêñò ñîäåðæèò îïèñàíèå ðàçðåøåíèÿ. Ê çíà÷åíèþ ýòîãî òýãà íå ïðåäúÿâëÿåòñÿ íèêàêèõ òðåáîâàíèé. Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü èíôîðìàöèÿ î âèäå ðàçðåøåíèÿ íà äîñòóï: ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè ýëåìåíò îòêðûòûì (public), çàêðûòûì (private), çàùèùåííûì (protected) è äð. Íî çíà÷åíèåì ìîæåò áûòü è îáëàñòü âèäèìîñòè (scope) ñ èíôîðìàöèåé î òîì, ñòàòè÷åñêèé ëè ýòî ìåòîä.  îáùåì, ìîæåòå âêëþ÷àòü òóäà âñå, ÷òî ñî÷òåòå íóæíûì.
Ó òýãà <permission> èìååòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûé àòðèáóò — cref.  äîêóìåíòàöèè àòðèáóò cref â ýòîì êîíòåêñòå îïèñûâàåòñÿ êàê «ññûëêà íà ýëåìåíò èëè ïîëå, äîñòóïíîå èç òåêóùåé ñðåäû êîìïèëÿöèè». Åãî îáû÷íî óñòàíàâëèâàþò êàê System.Security.PermissionSet:
/// <permission cref="System.Security.PermissionSet">Îòêðûòûé
/// äîñòóï</permission>
highlight: cs
Òýã <returns>
Òýã <returns> ïîõîæ íà òýã <param>, íî îïèñûâàåò âîçâðàùàåìîå çíà÷åíèå ìåòîäà èëè ñâîéñòâà:
/// <returns>HTMLêîä, ñîäåðæàùèé ñïèñîê òèïîâ èç XML
/// äîêóìåíòàöèè.</returns>
highlight: cs
Òýã <seealso>
 òýãå <seealso> óêàçûâàþòñÿ «ïðî÷èå» ññûëêè ïî ýòîìó òåìàòè÷åñêîìó ðàçäåëó (topic). Ýòîò òýã îáû÷íî íå ñîäåðæèò òåêñòîâîå çíà÷åíèå — òîëüêî àòðèáóò cref ñî ññûëêîé íà íóæíûé ñèìâîë (òèï, ýëåìåíò, ïîëå è ò. ä.).
/// <seealso cref="GiveMemberListHTMLHelp"/>
highlight: cs
Êîìïèëÿòîð XML îïðåäåëÿåò ñîäåðæèìîå ïî óêàçàííîìó ñèìâîëó è ñîîòâåòñòâåííî èñïîëüçóåò åãî ïðè êîìïèëÿöèè XML-äîêóìåíòàöèè.
Òýã <include>
Êîãäà êîìïèëÿòîð èçâëåêàåò XML-êîììåíòàðèè èç êîäà, ëþáîé ôàéë, óêàçàííûé â òýãå <include>, ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ, è ñîäåðæàùèåñÿ â íåì êîììåíòàðèè èíòåðïðåòèðóþòñÿ òàê, áóäòî îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ â ñàìîì èñõîäíîì êîäå. Áëàãîäàðÿ ýòîìó êîììåíòàðèè ìîæíî õðàíèòü âî âíåøíåì ôàéëå. Ïðàâäà, òîãäà èõ íå áóäåò «ïîä ðóêîé», è ëè÷íî ÿ ñòàðàþñü íå ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ òýãîì <include>. Íî åñëè ó âàñ î÷åíü äëèííûå êîììåíòàðèè, òàêîé âàðèàíò, âåðîÿòíî, âàñ óñòðîèò.
 òýãå <include> äîëæíî ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü íåñêîëüêî àòðèáóòîâ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèõ âíåøíèé ôàéë. Àòðèáóò file çàäàåò èìÿ ôàéëà, ïðè÷åì ïóòü ìîæåò áûòü îòíîñèòåëüíûì èëè ïîëíûì. Âêëþ÷àåìûé ôàéë ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé XML-äîêóìåíò ñ XML-êîììåíòàðèÿìè. Àòðèáóò path — ýòî âûðàæåíèå XPath, óêàçûâàþùåå íà ðîäèòåëüñêèé ýëåìåíò XML-êîììåíòàðèÿ âî âíåøíåì äîêóìåíòå:
/// <include file='MyXMLCommentFile.xml'
/// path='doc/members/member[@name="T:MyExampleClass"]/*'/>
public class MyExampleClass
{
/// <include file='MyXMLCommentFile.xml'
/// path='doc/members/member[@name="M:MyExampleMethod"]/*'/>
public string MyExampleMethod(string strReturnThis)
{
return strReturnThis;
}
}highlight: cs
Íèæå ïðèâåäåí òåêñò ôàéëà MyXMLCommentFile.xml. Çàìåòüòå, ÷òî â ýòîì ïðèìåðå ÿ óêàçàë ðîäèòåëüñêèé ýëåìåíò, ñîäåðæàùèé XMLêîììåíòàðèè, ñ ïîìîùüþ XPath. Ðåàëüíûé ôîðìàò ôàéëà âûáèðàåòñÿ ñàìèì ðàçðàáîò÷èêîì. ß ïðåäïî÷åë ôîðìàò, àíàëîãè÷íûé ôîðìàòó ôàéëîâ XML-äîêóìåíòîâ, ãåíåðèðóåìûõ êîìïèëÿòîðîì.
<doc>
<members>
<member name="T:MyExampleClass">
<remarks>
This is my example class that does <b>nothing</b>.
</remarks>
</member>
<member name="M:MyExampleMethod">
<summary>
This method just returns a string.
</summary>
<param name="strReturnThis">
This is a string parameter that will just be returned.
</param>
<returns>
Just returns the input parameter.
</returns>
</member>
</members>
</doc>
highlight: cs
Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå òýãè
Ñóùåñòâóåò 11 âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ òýãîâ: <c>, <code>, <list>, <listheader>, <item>, <term>, <description>, <para>, <paramref>, <see> è <value>.
Òýã <c> îïðåäåëÿåò ñòðîêó òåêñòà êàê êîä è ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â òåêñòàõ îïèñàíèé:
/// Èñõîäíûé XML çàãðóæàåòñÿ â ñâîéñòâî <see cref="SourceXML"/>
/// (íàïðèìåð, <c><I>obj</I>.SourceXML = "<I>Ñþäà ïîìåùàåòñÿ
/// XML</I>"</c>)
highlight: cs
Òýã <code> îïðåäåëÿåò ðàçäåë òåêñòà êàê áëîê êîäà. Îí ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ âíóòðè áëîêà òýãà <example> (âû óæå âèäåëè ýòî), óêàçûâàÿ, ÷òî ôîðìàò òåêñòà â êîììåíòàðèÿõ äîëæåí áûòü ñîõðàíåí:
/// <code>
/// // Ñîçäàòü êëàññ, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ
/// GiveHelpTransforms ght = new GiveHelpTransforms();
/// // Çàãðóçèòü XML â ñâîéñòâî SourceXML
/// ght.LoadXMLFromFile(
/// "E:\\Inetpub\\wwwroot\\GiveHelp\\GiveHelpDoc.xml");
/// </code>
highlight: cs
Òýã <list> ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ âíóòðè äðóãèõ òýãîâ êîììåíòàðèåâ è îïðåäåëÿåò ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûé ñïèñîê (specialized list). Òèï ñïèñêà çàäàåòñÿ àòðèáóòîì, çíà÷åíèåì êîòîðîãî ìîæåò áûòü number (íóìåðîâàííûé), bullet (ìàðêèðîâàííûé) èëè table (òàáëèöà). Âíóòðè òýãà <list> ðàçìåùàþòñÿ òýãè, îáîçíà÷àþùèå êîìïîíåíòû ñïèñêà, íàïðèìåð:
/// <list type="table">
/// <listheader>
/// <term>Help Page</term>
/// <description>Function to call</description>
/// </listheader>
/// <item><term>List of types</term>
/// <description>GiveTypeListHTMLHelp</description></item>
/// <item><term>List of members</term>
/// <description>GiveMemberListHTMLHelp</description></item>
/// <item><term>Help for a single member</term>
/// <description>GiveMemberHTMLHelp</description></item>
/// </list>
highlight: cs
Òýã <listheader> ñîäåðæèò èíôîðìàöèþ î çàãîëîâêå ñïèñêà (ñì. ïðåäûäóùèé ïðèìåð). Îí îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ñïèñêîâ òàáëè÷íîãî òèïà.
Òýã <item>, êàê âû, íàâåðíîå, óæå äîãàäàëèñü, îáîçíà÷àåò ýëåìåíò â ñïèñêå. Îí ìîæåò âêëþ÷àòü â ñåáÿ òýãè <term> è <description>. Ïîñëåäíèå âñåãäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ äî÷åðíèìè ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê òýãó <listheader> èëè <item>, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïàðíî, è èõ íàçíà÷åíèå î÷åâèäíî.
Òýã <para> èäåíòèôèöèðóåò íîâûé àáçàö è î÷åíü ïîõîæ íà òýã <p> â HTML. Ïîíÿòíî, ÷òî îí ïðåäíàçíà÷åí äëÿ ðàçáèåíèÿ äëèííûõ êîììåíòàðèåâ íà àáçàöû:
/// <summary>Ýòî àííîòàöèÿ.
/// <para>Ýòî íîâûé àáçàö.</para>
/// </summary>
highlight: cs
Åñëè â òåêñòå êîììåíòàðèÿ íàäî âûäåëèòü íåêèé ïàðàìåòð, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òýã <paramref>. Îí ïîìåùàåòñÿ òàì, ãäå â òåêñòå äîëæíî âûâîäèòüñÿ èìÿ ïàðàìåòðà. Îñíîâíîå íàçíà÷åíèå ýòîãî òýãà — îñîáûì îáðàçîì âûäåëÿòü èìÿ ïàðàìåòðà. Ó íåãî îäèí àòðèáóò — name, êîòîðûé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èìÿ ïàðàìåòðà, âûâîäèìîãî â òåêñòå â îñîáîì ôîðìàòå:
/// Çàãðóæàåò XML-äîêóìåíòàöèþ â ôàéë, çàäàííûé
/// <paramref>strFilePath</paramref>
highlight: cs
Òýã <see> óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â òåêñòå äðóãèõ òýãîâ êîììåíòàðèèåâ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ãèïåðññûëêè. Îí âñòàâëÿåòñÿ êàê ÷àñòü òåêñòà è îáû÷íî âêëþ÷àåò îäèí àòðèáóò, cref:
/// ×òîáû âûïîëíèòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå è âåðíóòü ðåçóëüòàò,
/// âûçûâàåòñÿ îäíà èç ôóíêöèé-÷ëåíîâ
/// (<see cref="GiveTypeListHTMLHelp"/>,
/// <see cref="GiveMemberListHTMLHelp"/>,
/// <see cref="GiveMemberHTMLHelp"/>)
highlight: cs
Àòðèáóò cref — ññûëêà íà ñóùåñòâóþùèé ñèìâîë. Áîëåå ïîäðîáíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ ñì. â îïèñàíèè òýãà <description>.
Òýã <value> îïðåäåëÿåò çíà÷åíèå êàêîãî-ëèáî ñâîéñòâà. Îí àíàëîãè÷åí òýãó <remarks>, îïèñûâàþùåìó êëàññû, è òýãó <summary>, îïèñûâàþùåìó îñòàëüíûå ýëåìåíòû.
/// <value>
/// Ñâîéñòâî SourceXML ñîäåðæèò XML, èñïîëüçóåìûé
/// ôóíêöèÿìè÷ëåíàìè ýòîãî êëàññà ïðè ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿõ.
/// </value>
highlight: cs
Ôàéë XML-äîêóìåíòà
Âûøå óæå ãîâîðèëîñü, êàê íàñòðîèòü ïðîåêò äëÿ ýêñïîðòà XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ. Â ñëåäóþùåì ëèñòèíãå ïðèâåäåí ôðàãìåíò ôàéëà XML-äîêóìåíòà, ñîçäàííîãî ïîñëå êîìïèëÿöèè ìîåãî ïðîåêòà-ïðèìåðà.
Ëèñòèíã 2. Ôðàãìåíò ôàéëà GiveHelpDoc.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<doc>
<assembly>
<name>GiveHelp</name>
</assembly>
<members>
<member name="T:GiveHelp.GiveHelpTransforms">
<remarks>
Class that contains functions to do transformations to help
files. The source XML is loaded into the <see
cref="P:GiveHelp.GiveHelpTransforms.SourceXML"/> property
(e.g. <c><I>obj</I>.SourceXML = "<I>XML goes here</I>"
</c>). One of the associated member functions (<see
cref="M:GiveHelp.GiveHelpTransforms.
GiveMemberListHTMLHelp(System.String)"/>, <see
cref="M:GiveHelp.GiveHelpTransforms.GiveMemberHTMLHelp
(System.String)"/>) is called to initiate and then return
the transformation.
<para>
<list type="table">
<listheader>
<term>Help Page</term>
<description>Function to call</description>
</listheader>
<item><term>List of types</term>
<description>GiveTypeListHTMLHelp</description></item>
<item><term>List of members</term>
<description>GiveMemberListHTMLHelp</description>
</item>
<item><term>Help for a single member</term>
<description>GiveMemberHTMLHelp</description></item>
</list>
</para>
</remarks>
<permission cref="!:">public</permission>
<example><code>
// Ñîçäàòü êëàññ, îñóùåñòâëÿþùèé ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ
GiveHelpTransforms ght = new GiveHelpTransforms();
// Çàãðóçèòü XML â ñâîéñòâî SourceXML
ght.LoadXMLFromFile(
"E:\\Inetpub\\wwwroot\\GiveHelp\\GiveHelpDoc.xml");
// Âûïîëíèòü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå è âûâåñòè ñòðîêó
Response.Write(
ght.GiveMemberHTMLHelp(Request.QueryString.Get("Type"),
Request.QueryString.Get("Member")) );
</code></example>
</member>
...
<member name="P:GiveHelp.GiveHelpTransforms.SourceXML">
<value>
The SourceXML property contains the XML that will be used in
the transformations by the member functions for this class.
</value>
<permission cref="!:">public</permission>
</member>
</members>
</doc>
highlight: cs
Åñëè âû ñðàâíèòå åãî ñ èñõîäíûìè XML-êîììåíòàðèÿìè (Ëèñòèíã 1), òî çàìåòèòå, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå èç ýêñïîðòèðîâàííûõ êîììåíòàðèåâ áûëè îòôîðìàòèðîâàíû. Òýãè, ïðèâåäåííûå â òàáëèöå 1, òðåáóþò ïðè îáðàáîòêå îñîáîãî ôîðìàòèðîâàíèÿ. Ïî÷òè âñå ýòè òýãè ôîðìàòèðóþòñÿ ðàñêðûòèåì àòðèáóòà cref. Òî åñòü ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèé àíàëèçàòîð C# èçìåíÿåò èñõîäíîå çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà cref: âî-ïåðâûõ, îïðåäåëÿåò êëàññèôèêàöèþ çíà÷åíèÿ (íàïðèìåð, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè îíî òèïîì èëè ñâîéñòâîì), âî-âòîðûõ, ðàñêðûâàåò çíà÷åíèå â ïîëíîå èìÿ. Àòðèáóò cref ñî çíà÷åíèåì «MyMember» (ò. å. cref=«MyMember») ïîñëå ðàñêðûòèÿ ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèì àíàëèçàòîðîì ìîæåò âûãëÿäåòü òàê:
M:MyProject.MyType.MyMember
Ì: ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëàññèôèêàòîðîì. Êîìïèëÿòîð, ïîìåùàÿ â XML-äîêóìåíòàöèþ ññûëêè íà ýëåìåíòû, êëàññèôèöèðóåò èõ îäíèì èç ïÿòè ñïîñîáîâ. Äîïóñòèìûå êëàññèôèêàòîðû ïîêàçàíû â òàáë. 2.
Òàáëèöà 1. Ðåçóëüòàòû îáðàáîòêè òýãîâ
Òýã Ðåçóëüòàò
<exception> Ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ àòðèáóò cref
<permision> Ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ àòðèáóò cref
<seealso> Ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ àòðèáóò cref
<include> Òýãè ññûëêè íà âêëþ÷àåìûå ôàéëû êîïèðóþòñÿ â ôàéë äîêóìåíòàöèè
<see> Ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ àòðèáóò cref
Òàáëèöà 2. Êëàññèôèêàòîðû
Çíà÷åíèå Ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ: Ïðåôèêñ
Òèï Êëàññîâ, äåëåãàòîâ T:
Ïîëå Ïåðåìåííûõ ÷ëåíîâ F:
Ìåòîä Ïðîöåäóð è ôóíêöèé M:
Ñâîéñòâî Ñâîéñòâ P:
Ñîáûòèå Ñîáûòèé E:
Íåèçâåñòíîå Ññûëêè, êîòîðóþ íå óäàëîñü ðàñêðûòü !:
Äðóãèå ÷àñòè ðàñêðûòîãî èìåíè èç ïðåäûäóùåãî ïðèìåðà òîæå çíà÷èìû. «MyNamespace.MyType.MyMember» — ýòî ïîëíîå èìÿ (fully qualified name), îïðåäåëåííîå ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèì àíàëèçàòîðîì C#. Èìÿ ìîæíî ðàçáèâàòü íà ÷àñòè ðàçäåëèòåëåì (òî÷êîé). Êàæäàÿ ÷àñòü èìååò ÷åòêèé ñìûñë. MyNamespace ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ïðîñòàíñòâî èìåí. MyType - òèï, à MyMember ÿâëÿåòñÿ èìåíåì ýëåìåíòîà (÷ëåíà). Åñëè ðàñêðûòü çíà÷åíèå cref íå óäàåòñÿ, êîìïèëÿòîð ñòàâèò ïåðåä èñõîäíûì çíà÷åíèåì cref ïðåôèêñ ! (òàáëèöà 3):.
Ïðèìåðû cref
Çíà÷åíèå àòðèáóòà cref Ðàñêðûòîå èìÿ
cref="MyClass" "T:MyProject:MyClass"
cref="MyField" "F:MyProject:MyClass.MyField"
cref="MyMethod" "M:MyProject:MyClass.MyMethod"
cref="MyProperty" "E:MyProject:MyClass.MyProperty"
cref="MyEvent" "P:MyProject:MyClass.MyEvent"
cref="MyUnknown" "!:MyUnknown"
Òàêèå êëàññèôèêàòîðû ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ íå òîëüêî ïðè ðàñêðûòèè àòðèáóòîâ cref. Êàê âû âñêîðå óáåäèòåñü, â XML-äîêóìåíòàöèè ýòîò ôîðìàò èñïîëüçóåòñÿ è äëÿ èìåí ýëåìåíòîâ. Âîò êàê âûãëÿäèò áàçîâàÿ âûñîêîóðîâíåâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà XML-äîêóìåíòà:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<doc>
<assembly>
<name>Name</name>
</assembly>
<members>
<member name="name">
Ñþäà ïîìåùàþòñÿ XML êîììåíòàðèè
</member>
...
</members>
</doc>
highlight: cs
Ïåðâàÿ ñòðîêà — ñòàíäàðòíûé çàãîëîâîê, çà êîòîðûì èäåò êîðíåâîé ýëåìåíò <doc>. Ñëåäóþùèé òýã — <assembly>. Ïîä íèì íàõîäÿòñÿ òýãè <name>, èäåíòèôèöèðóþùèå èìåíà ñáîðîê, ñîçäàííûõ èç êîäà ïðîåêòà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îáû÷íî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òîëüêî îäèí ýëåìåíò — <name>. Çíà÷åíèå, ïîäñòàâëÿåìîå â íåãî êîìïèëÿòîðîì C#, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò èìåíè ïðîåêòà, è åãîíåëüçÿ èçìåíèòü ñ ïîìîùüþ XML â èñõîäíîì êîäå. Äàëåå ðàçìåùàåòñÿ áëîê <members>, ñîäåðæàùèé çàïèñè äëÿ âñåõ ýëåìåíòîâ, ñ êîòîðûìè ñîïîñòàâëåíû XML-êîììåíòàðèè. Êàæäûé ýëåìåíò èäåíòèôèöèðóåòñÿ ñîáñòâåííûì òýãîì <member>. Ó òýãà <member> åäèíñòâåííûé àòðèáóò — name. Ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèé àíàëèçàòîð C# ãåíåðèðóåò çíà÷åíèå ýòîãî àòðèáóòà â çàâèñèìîñòè îò èìåíè ýëåìåíòà, ñ êîòîðûì ñâÿçàííû òýãè êîììåíòàðèÿ. Îñòàëüíîé XML, íàõîäÿùèéñÿ âíóòðè òýãà <member>, ñîñòîèò èç XML-êîììåíòàðèåâ.
Ãåíåðàöèÿ ñïðàâî÷íûõ ôàéëîâ
Òðóäíî ïåðå÷èñëèòü âñå, ÷òî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñ äîêóìåíòîì, â êîòîðîì ñîäåðæàòñÿ XML-êîììåíòàðèè, íî ÷àùå âñåãî íà åãî îñíîâå ãåíåðèðóþòñÿ (ñ ïîìîùüþ XSLT) ñòðàíèöû ñïðàâêè â ôîðìàòå HTML. Áîëåå ïîäðîáíî îá ýòîì ïðîöåññå îïèñàíî â ñòàòüå æóðíàëà MSDN Magazine çà èþëü 2002 ãîäà.
Ðåêëàìà
êàøòàíû èç ðûáû.
Ãëàâíàÿ
Ïðèìåðû
Windows 7
Windows 8
Visual Studio 2010
Ýëåìåíòû óïðàâëåíèÿ
Ãðàôèêà
Àëãîðèòìû
Âîïðîñ-îòâåò
Ñòàòüè
Øóòêè
Óãîëîê õàêåðà
Êíèãè
Ñïðàâî÷íèêè
Óðîêè
Èãðû
MS Office
Áàçà çíàíèé
Ññûëêè
Ïÿòíèöà
Ðåêëàìà
Ðåéòèíã@Mail.ru © 2009 À.Êëèìîâ
Èñõîäíûå êîäû ïðîãðàìì è èãð
ïðîãðàììèðóé è òâîðè!
Ïåðâàÿ ñòðàíèöà
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Èñõîäíûå êîäû
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?Èñõîäíèêè C++
?Èñõîäíèêè C#
Ïðîãðàììû
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?Ïðèêëàäíûå
?Èãðû
Ñòàòüè
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?Èñòîðèÿ ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ
?Ñðåäû ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ
?Ðàçíîå î ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèè
Ëèöåíçèîííûé ñîôò
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
?Ñåòü è èíòåðíåò
?Ãðàôèêà è äèçàéí
?Àíòèâèðóñû. Áåçîïàñíîñòü
Êíèãè
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
?Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå
?Ìóëüòèìåäèà
?Áàçû äàííûõ è ÑÓÁÄ
Êîíòàêòû
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Èñõîäíûé êîä êàëüêóëÿòîðà CalcK1.0 íà C#
èñõîäíûå êîäû íà ÿçûêå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ C#
èñõîäíèê êàëüêóëÿòîðà íà C#Èñõîäíèê êàëüêóëÿòîðà ìàêñèìàëüíî óïðîùåí ïðè äîâîëüíî êðàñèâîì ãðàôè÷åñêîì èíòåðôåéñå è ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîëíîñòüþ ðàáîòîñïîñîáíûì ïðèëîæåíèåì äëÿ àðèôìåòè÷åñêèõ âû÷èñëåíèé. À òàêæå áàçîé äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ ïðèëîæåíèÿ.
Èñõîäíûé êîä ïðèëîæåíèÿ ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ ìîäóëåé:
Calc2.cs - ãëàâíàÿ ôîðìà ïðèëîæåíèÿ. Íà ôîðìå ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ öèôðîâîå òàáëî, ñîñòîÿùåå èç ýëåìåíòà Panel, ñîäåðæàùèé íà ñåáå äâå òåêñòîâûå ìåòêè Label. Îäíà ìåòêà âûñâå÷èâàåò ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà, äðóãàÿ ÷èñëî íàõîäÿùååñÿ â ïàìÿòè êàëüêóëÿòîðà. Äàëåå íà ôîðìå ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ 30 êíîïîê äëÿ íàáîðà ÷èñåë è äåéñòâèÿìè íàä íèìè.
SetDlg.cs - äèàëîãîâîå îêíî íàñòðîåê êàëüêóëÿòîðà. Ïîëüçîâàòåëü ìîæåò èçìåíèòü êîëè÷åñòâî çíàêîâ ïîñëå çàïÿòîé, çàäàòü ðàçäåëèòåëü äåñÿòè÷íûõ ïî ñâîåìó óñìîòðåíèþ ïðè êîïèðîâàíèè â áóôåð îáìåíà, óñòàíîâèòü óðîâåíü ïðîçðà÷íîñòè îêíà ïðèëîæåíèÿ ïðè äëèòåëüíîì ïðîñòîå ìåæäó âû÷èñëåíèÿìè.
Êíîïêè óïîðÿäî÷åíû ïî ãðóïïàì, èìåþùèå êàæäàÿ ñâîé öâåò, ñâîé îáðàáîò÷èê ñîáûòèÿ Click íà âñå êíîïêè ãðóïïû. Äëÿ óäîáñòâà îïðåäåëåíèÿ êëèêíóòîé êíîïêè èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñâîéñòâî Tag èìåþùåå òèï object, à ñòàëî áûòü ýòîìó ñâîéñòâó ìîæíî ïðèñâîèòü ëþáîé òèï äàííûõ .NET.  äàëüíåéøåì èñïîëüçóÿ îïåðàòîð switch îïðåäåëÿåì ðàáî÷óþ êíîïêó è ñâÿçàííîå ñ íåé äåéñòâèå.
Àëãîðèòì ðàáîòû ïðîãðàììû íà óðîâíå ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ: I. Ñáðîñ âñåõ ðåãèñòðîâ èëè âêëþ÷åíèå ïðîãðàììû;
II. Íàæàòèå íà öèôðîâóþ êëàâèøó:
1. Íàáîð ÷èñëà ïîñëå ï.0 - íàáèðàåì ÷èñëî â âåðõíèé ðåãèñòð,
ïåðåõîä ê ï.II èëè ï.I;
2. Íàáîð ÷èñëà ïîñëå ï.I.1 - ñáðîñ íèæíåãî ðåãèñòðà â íîëü è
çàíîâî íàáèðàåì ÷èñëî â íèæíèé ðåãèñòð, ïåðåõîä ê ï.II èëè ï.I;
III. Íàæàòèå íà ôóíêöèîíàëüíóþ êëàâèøó:
1. åñëè íàæàòû +, -, *, / ïðîèñõîäèò çàïîìèíàíèå ïîñëåäíåé
íàæàòîé îïåðàöèîííîé êëàâèøû, ïåðåâîä íà âîçìîæíîñòü
íàáîðà â íèæíèé ðåãèñòð, ïåðåõîä ê ï.II èëè ï.I.2 èëè ï.I;
2. åñëè íàæàòà êëàâèøà Ðàâíî, ïîñëå ï.I.1, ïðîäîëæàåì íàáîð ÷èñëà;
3. åñëè íàæàòà êëàâèøà Ðàâíî ïîñëå ï.I.1:
à. ïåðâîå íàæàòèå - íèæíåìó ðåãèñòðó ïðèñâàèâàåì
çíà÷åíèå âåðõíåãî è âûñ÷èòûâàåì ðåçóëüòàò ñîãëàñíî
íàæàòîé îïåðàöèîííîé êëàâèøå, äàëåå ïåðåõîä ê ï.II èëè ï.I;
á. ïîñëåäóþùèå íàæàòèÿ - âûñ÷èòûâàåì ðåçóëüòàò ñîãëàñíî íàæàòîé
îïåðàöèîííîé êëàâèøå, âåðõíåìó ðåãèñòðó ïðèñâàèâàåòñÿ
ðåçóëüòàò, íèæíèé ðåãèñòð íå èçìåíÿåòñÿ, äàëåå ïåðåõîä ê
ï.II èëè ï.I;
IV. åñëè íàæàòà êëàâèøà Ðàâíî ïîñëå ï.I.2 - âûñ÷èòûâàåì ðåçóëüòàò
ñîãëàñíî íàæàòîé îïåðàöèîííîé êëàâèøå, äàëåå âåðõíåìó ðåãèñòðó
ïðèñâàèâàåì ðåçóëüòàò, íèæíèé ðåãèñòð íå èçìåíÿåì,
ïåðåõîä ê ï.II èëè ï.I;
Ñðåäû ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2008, Microsoft Visual Studio.NET 2008 Express Edition è âûøå, îòêðûòàÿ ñðåäà ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ äëÿ C# SharpDevelop 3.0. è âûøå.
Microsoft .NET Framework SDK v2.0 è âûøå. Ïîäðîáíûå êîììåíòàðèè âàæíûõ ñòðîê èñõîäíîãî êîäà
Ôàéë èñõîäíèêà Êîëè÷åñòâî çàãðóçîê Ðàçìåð
calck.rar 9527 74 ÊÁ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<< Èñõîäíûé êîä ïðîãðàììû-òàéìåðà ðàáî÷åãî âðåìåíè íà êîìïüþòåðå TimeWork1.0 ââåðõ Èñõîäíûé êîä èãðû ìîçàèêà MosaicK1.0 >>
Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå èñòî÷íèêè
CodingRUS.ru -
Delphi/C++/ Pascal/Basic/
Java/Assembler/ PHP/Perl
CodeNet - âñå äëÿ
ïðîãðàììèñòà
Easylab - áåñïëàòíûå ëàáîðàòîðíûå, èõîäíèêè, ëèòåðàòóðà ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ íà C#, C++, Java!
Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå íà Ïàñêàëü, Delphi, HTML âåðñòêà
© Copyright 2008-2012 InterestPrograms.ru
Ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèè ìàòåðèàëîâ äàííîãî ñàéòà ïðÿìàÿ ññûëêà íà InterestPrograms.ru îáÿçàòåëüíà.
ßíäåêñ öèòèðîâàíèÿ Rambler's Top100 HotLog
Ðîññèÿ (Póññêèé)
Âõîä
Ãëàâíàÿ Íîâîñòè Áèáëèîòåêà Îáó÷åíèå Ñêà÷àòü Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ Ôîðóìû Ïîääåðæêà
MSDN Library
Ñðåäñòâà ðàçðàáîòêè
Visual Studio 2012
Visual Basic è Visual C#
Visual C#
Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ íà C#
Êîììåíòàðèè ê XML-äîêóìåíòàöèè (Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ íà C#)
Ðåêîìåíäóåìûå òåãè äëÿ êîììåíòàðèåâ äîêóìåíòàöèè (Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ íà C#)
Îáðàáîòêà XML-ôàéëà (Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ íà C#)
Ðàçäåëèòåëè äëÿ òåãîâ â äîêóìåíòàöèè (Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ íà C#)
Ïðàêòè÷åñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå XML-äîêóìåíòàöèè (Ðóêîâîäñòâî ïî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ â C#)
Ðàçâåðíóòü Ñâåðíóòü
Äàííàÿ ñòàòüÿ ïåðåâåäåíà àâòîìàòè÷åñêè. Íàâåäèòå óêàçàòåëü ìûøè íà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ñòàòüå, ÷òîáû ïðîñìîòðåòü ïåðåâîä. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñâåäåíèÿ.
Ïåðåâîä
Òåêñò îðèãèíàëà
XML Documentation Comments (C# Programming Guide)
Visual Studio 2012
Äðóãèå âåðñèè
1 èç 3 îöåíèëè ýòîò ìàòåðèàë êàê ïîëåçíûé - Îöåíèòü ýòó òåìó
In Visual C# you can create documentation for your code by including XML tags in special comment fields in the source code directly before the code block they refer to. For example:
Êîïèðîâàòü
/// <summary>
/// This class performs an important function.
/// </summary>
public class MyClass{}
When you compile with /doc the compiler will search for all XML tags in the source code and create an XML documentation file. To create the final documentation based on the compiler-generated file, you can create a custom tool, or use a tool such as Sandcastle.
NoteNote
The XML doc comments are not metadata; they are not included in the compiled assembly and therefore they are not accessible through reflection.
In This Section
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
•
Recommended Tags for Documentation Comments
•
Processing the XML File
•
Delimiters for Documentation Tags
•
How to: Use the XML Documentation Features
Related Sections
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information, see:
•
/doc (Process Documentation Comments)
C# Language Specification
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information, see the C# Language Specification. The language specification is the definitive source for C# syntax and usage.
See Also
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concepts
C# Programming Guide
Áûëà ëè âàì ïîëåçíà ýòà èíôîðìàöèÿ? Äà Íåò
Äîáàâëåíèÿ ñîîáùåñòâà
ÄÎÁÀÂÈÒÜ
© 2013 Microsoft. Âñå ïðàâà çàùèùåíû.
Óïðàâëåíèå ïðîôèëåì
|
Þðèäè÷åñêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ
|
Áþëëåòåíü MSDN
|
Óñëîâèÿ èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ
|
Site Feedback Îáðàòíàÿ ñâÿçü
Òîâàðíûå çíàêè
|
Êîíôèäåíöèàëüíîñòü
ãëàâíàÿ
âñ¸ âìåñòå
ïîäñàéò ñóäüáû
science img movies story mind hahahahah politics android library cosmos historyporn games soap english auto kitchen facts guns sprosi math neuroscience diy sciencefiction kunst moscow nerd architecture animals photo announcements worldpolitics avia calligraphy sub
…
d3.ru
Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, âû íå ìîæåòå ñþäà âîéòè. È âîò ïî÷åìó.
Ñàéòû Ìû
Ïîïóëÿðíîå Íîâîå Ëó÷øåå
03ä 15÷ 18ì
Ïîñòû íåäåëè
Ïèñüìî ã–íó Ìåäâåäåâó, Ìèðäâåðüìÿ÷ó +1439
Dekabrist
Ó íåñîâåðøåííîëåòíåé äî÷åðè Ñîáÿíèíà íàøëàñü êâàðòèðà çà 173 ìëí. ðóáëåé. +748
weltbewegung
Òèíüêîâ, òû, íàâåðíîå, çàáûë, ÷òî â îòëè÷èå îò ïðåçèäåíòà â íàøåé ñòðàíå áàíê åùå ìîæíî ñìåíèòü +664
ethaniel
À èõ ñåðäöà, â ñëó÷àå àâòîìîáèëüíîé êàòàñòðîôû, çàðûâàòü â çåìëþ. Èëè ñæèãàòü, êàê íåïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ÷üåé–ëèáî æèçíè! +657
glavryba
Âîðîíåæåö òðåáóåò ñ áàíêà 24 ìèëëèîíà ðóáëåé êîìïåíñàöèè çà íàðóøåíèå ïóíêòîâ êðåäèòíîãî äîãîâîðà, çàêëþ÷åííîãî íà åãî óñëîâèÿõ +654
lamo4ok
Ìå÷åòü è äîïóñòèìûé óðîâåíü øóìà +627
tabishev
Îòêðûòèå +563
ob1
Áàíêè +533
Doddy
Âðàãè, êðóãîì âðàãè! +526
GeRom
Óíè÷òîæåíèå SEO–âèðóñà â çàðîäûøå +497
ZorgeZorge
Ñàìûå êîììåíòèðóåìûå ïîñòû çà íåäåëþ
Òèíüêîâ, òû, íàâåðíîå, çàáûë, ÷òî â îòëè÷èå îò ïðåçèäåíòà â íàøåé ñòðàíå áàíê åùå ìîæíî ñìåíèòü
ethaniel · 871 êîììåíòàðèé
À èõ ñåðäöà, â ñëó÷àå àâòîìîáèëüíîé êàòàñòðîôû, çàðûâàòü â çåìëþ. Èëè ñæèãàòü, êàê íåïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ÷üåé–ëèáî æèçíè!
glavryba · 840 êîììåíòàðèåâ
Ðîçîâûå î÷êè
Riska · 749 êîììåíòàðèåâ
Âîðîíåæåö òðåáóåò ñ áàíêà 24 ìèëëèîíà ðóáëåé êîìïåíñàöèè çà íàðóøåíèå ïóíêòîâ êðåäèòíîãî äîãîâîðà, çàêëþ÷åííîãî íà åãî óñëîâèÿõ
lamo4ok · 724 êîììåíòàðèÿ
Åñëè Àëëàõ íå îáíîâèò Ëóíó
weltbewegung · 705 êîììåíòàðèåâ
Ïèñüìî ã–íó Ìåäâåäåâó, Ìèðäâåðüìÿ÷ó
Dekabrist · 703 êîììåíòàðèÿ
Ïàâåë Äóðîâ îáúÿñíèë, ïî÷åìó îí íå áóäåò ïîääåðæèâàòü Íàâàëüíîãî
kruml · 534 êîììåíòàðèÿ
[Øåô–ïîâàð] Òåõíîëîã ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè.
Nave · 449 êîììåíòàðèåâ
Îëèìïèéñêèé áîéêîò
pfifer · 409 êîììåíòàðèåâ
Âðàãè, êðóãîì âðàãè!
GeRom · 392 êîììåíòàðèÿ
Îòêðûòèå
Îòêðûòèå
Íàïèñàë ob1 , â÷åðà â 14.32 íà politota · 66 êîììåíòàðèåâ
563
Êîãî âåç¸ò íå çíàþ, íî çà ðóëåì ñàì ïðåìüåð–ìèíèñòð
Êîãî âåç¸ò íå çíàþ, íî çà ðóëåì ñàì ïðåìüåð–ìèíèñòð
Ïðåìüåð–ìèíèñòð Íîðâåãèè Éåíñ Ñòîëòåíáåðã îäèí äåíü òàéíî ðàáîòàë âîäèòåëåì ñòîëè÷íîãî òàêñè. Íàñòîëüêî òàéíî, ÷òî îá ýòîì óçíàëè ëèøü ñïóñòÿ äâà ìåñÿöà.
Íàïèñàë Leshnevsky , ñåãîäíÿ â 02.25 íà politota · 22 êîììåíòàðèÿ
60
Íàïîìèíàíèå î âîéíå
Íàïîìèíàíèå î âîéíå
Ýòî áàøíÿ îäíîãî èç ãðóçèíñêèõ òàíêîâ (ïÿòü ëåò íàçàä ãðóïïó èç òðåõ òàíêîâ ïîäáèëè íà îäíîì èç ïåðåêðåñòêîâ Öõèíâàëà), êîòîðóþ èç–çà âçðûâà áîåêîìïëåêòà óíåñëî íà íåñêîëüêî äåñÿòêîâ ìåòðîâ. Îíà ïðîáèëà êîçûðåê çäàíèÿ è çàñòðÿëà â êðûëüöå. Ïðè ðåêîíñòðóêöèè çäàíèÿ áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå îñòàâèòü å¸ íà ìåñòå. Ñèëüíûé ïàìÿòíèê ïîëó÷èëñÿ.
Íàïèñàë avialn , â÷åðà â 20.47 íà politics · 67 êîììåíòàðèåâ
157
Ïåøåõîäíûé ïåðåõîä
Ïåøåõîäíûé ïåðåõîä
Ó ïîñîëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé ôåäåðàöèè â Øâåöèè (Ñòîêãîëüì).
Íàïèñàë crea7or , â÷åðà â 23.02 íà politics · 94 êîììåíòàðèÿ
93
Ñóðîâàÿ ÷åëÿáèíñêàÿ æóðíàëèñòèêà
Ñóðîâàÿ ÷åëÿáèíñêàÿ æóðíàëèñòèêà
Íàïèñàë aqua1 , â÷åðà â 15.42 íà kucha · 69 êîììåíòàðèåâ
247
Íåäåëüíûé êèíîäàéäæåñò
Íåäåëüíûé êèíîäàéäæåñò
• Damon Lindelof, àâòîð ñöåíàðèÿ êèíîôèëüìîâ Prometheus, Cowboys & Aliens, Star Trek Into Darkness è World War Z ñåòóåò íà òî, ÷òî ëåòíèå áëîêáàñòåðû, ïåðåõîäÿ çà $100 ìèëëèîíîâ â áþäæåòå îäíîâðåìåííî ðåçêî òåðÿþò â âàðèàíòàõ îïèñûâàåìûõ ñîáûòèé, ò.ê. îæèäàåòñÿ, ÷òî ìàñøòàá ñòîëü êðóïíîãî ïðîåêòà òîæå íå ïîäêà÷àåò. "â ïðîøëîì Ñóïåðìåíó ìîæíî áûëî óíåñòè Ëóèñ Ëåéí îò çåìëåòðÿñåíèÿ â Êàëèôîðíèè, è âñå áûëè äîâîëüíû", ñåé÷àñ æå íåîáõîäèìî ïðèäóìàòü "trailer moments", à ñïàñòè âåñü ìèð, íå ìåíüøå. Äåéìîí íåñêîëüêî ðàç ïîâòîðÿåò, ÷òî è ñàì ãðåøåí, ò.ê. ñëîæíî èäòè ïðîòèâ òðåíäà, íî â òî æå âðåìÿ îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî óñòàë îò áåñêîíå÷íîãî ïîòîêà "destruction porn".
• Êèòàéñêèå ïàðòí¸ðû çàäåðæèâàþò âûïëàòû ãîëëèâóäñêèì ñòóäèÿì óæå íåñêîëüêî ìåñÿöåâ. ïî ïðîøëîãîäíåìó ñîãëàøåíèþ â ðàìêàõ ÂÒÎ èíîñòðàííûå ñòóäèè çàáèðàþò äîìîé 25% ïðèáûëè (revenue) (äî ýòîãî áûëî îò 13 äî 17%). êèòàéñêèå âëàñòè ñîãëàñèëèñü, ÷òî íèêàêèå íàëîãîâûå âû÷åòû íå áóäóò òðîãàòü ýòè 25%, íî ïðîøëîé îñåíüþ âñ¸ æå ðåøèëè, ÷òî êóïàþùèéñÿ â çîëîòå Ãîëëèâóä íåëüçÿ îáîéòè äâóõïðîöåíòíûì íàëîãîì íà ðîñêîøü. ñ ëþáîé äðóãîé ñòðàíîé ðàçãîâîð áûë áû êîðîòêèé, íî Êèòàé óæå äàâíî ïðî÷íî äåðæèò ïåðâîå ìåñòî ïî ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ñáîðàì, è ïðîäþñåðû âûíóæäåíû ñíîâà è ñíîâà ïûòàòüñÿ ðåøèòü äåëî ìèðîì.
• íå òîëüêî â íàøåé ñòðàíå åñòü èçäàòåëè, ñ÷èòàþùèå ñâîåãî çðèòåëÿ òóïûì ñêîòîì (ãëÿäÿ íà èíûå ëîêàëèçîâàííûå íàçâàíèÿ è âûáîð ôèëüìîâ äëÿ ïðîêàòà). êîðåéñêèé àïîêàëèïòè÷åñêèé Snowpiercer (2013) óæå õîðîøî ñòàðòîâàë íà ðîäèíå, è â áëèæàéøèå íåäåëè ðàçâåðí¸òñÿ ïî âñåìó ìèðó, íî â ÑØÀ ïðîèçîøëà çàìèíêà. Õàðâè Âàéíøòåéí, âûêóïèâøèé ïðàâà íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ôèëüìà, ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî èç íåãî íóæíî âûðåçàòü 20 ìèíóò ðàçâèòèÿ ïåðñîíàæåé, ÷òîáû òîò óëîæèëñÿ â òðàäèîííûå êàíîíû ýêøåíà, è åãî ñìîãëà ïîíÿòü àóäèòîðèÿ Àéîâû è Îêëàõîìû. îñòàëüíûì øòàòàì, âèäèìî, ïðèä¸òñÿ ïîäïèñàòüñÿ íà íàøè êèíîðåëèçû íåäåëè è æäàòü ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé ðåäàêöèè.
• Jeff Bewkes, Time Warner CEO (êîíöåðíà, êóäà âõîäèò è HBO), íà âîïðîñ "íå ðàññìàòðèâàåòå ëè âû ïîïóëÿðíîñòü Game of Thrones íà òðåêåðàõ êàê êîìïëèìåíò ñåðèàëó?" îòâåòèë: "Äîëæåí ïðèçíàòü, âû ïðàâû. [...] åñëè ãîâîðèòü î ëþäÿõ, êîòîðûå ñìîòðÿò [ñåðèàë] áåç ïîäïèñêè — ýòî ñîçäà¸ò íåâåðîÿòíûé ýôôåêò èç óñò â óñòà. Ìû óæå 20–30 ëåò èìååì äåëî ñ ïîäîáíûì — ëþäè äåëÿòñÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì ñâîèì ïîäêëþ÷åíèåì, ïðîáðàñûâàþò êàáåëÿ ïî ñòåíàì çäàíèé. Íàø îïûò ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî [ïèðàòñòâî] âåä¸ò ê óâåëè÷åíèþ ïîäïèñ÷èêîâ. Ìíå êàæåòñÿ, âû ïðàâû â òîì, ÷òî Game of Thrones — ñàìûé ïîïóëÿðíûé ó ïèðàòîâ ñåðèàë â ìèðå. Ýòî ëó÷øå, ÷åì [ïðåìèÿ] Ýììè". äî êó÷è — øèçîôðåíè÷íî ïîäðîáíàÿ êàðòà ìèðà "Èãðû ïðåñòîëîâ".
• Warner Bros. íåäàâíî ðàñïðîùàëèñü ñî ñòóäèåé Legendary, ñ êîòîðîé íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïÿòè ëåò ñíèìàëè ïðåêðàñíûå ôèëüìû. òåïåðü Legendary çàêëþ÷èëè ñîãëàøåíèå ñ Universal, à WB ñêðåá¸ò ïî ñóñåêàì. äîëãîñòðîé "Àêèðà" (ñì. ï.5), ïîõîæå, ñíîâà îæèë.
• ñòàðûå ïåñíè î ãëàâíîì: ñîçäàòåëè è ãëàâíûå àêò¸ðû ïðîâàëèâøåãîñÿ â ïðîêàòå The Lone Ranger îáâèíÿþò â ýòîì... çëîáíóþ ìàôèþ êèíîêðèòèêîâ. áëîãåð /film ñ ãîðüêîé óëûáêîé ðàçìûøëÿåò, ÷åãî ìîæíî áûëî äîñòè÷ü, åñëè áû ó êðèòèêîâ è â ñàìîì äåëå áûëà ïîäîáíàÿ âëàñòü.
• "Êîñìè÷åñêàÿ îäèññåÿ 2001" (1968) Ñòýíëè Êóáðèêà áûëà ïîñëåäíèì ôèëüìîì, êîòîðûé ïîêàçûâàë âûñàäêó ëþäåé íà Ëóíó äî òîãî êàê àìåðèêàíñêèå êîñìîíàâòû âûñàäèëèñü òàì ïî–íàñòîÿùåìó. ñîðîê ëåò ñïóñòÿ ñòîðîííèêè òåîðèè çàãîâîðà íàñòàèâàþò, ÷òî ýòî íå ñîâïàäåíèå, à âèäåîñú¸ìêà Íèëà Àðìñòðîíãà — ìèñòèôèêàöèÿ, ñðåæèññèðîâàííàÿ Êóáðèêîì èç îñòàâøèõñÿ ïîñëå ñú¸ìîê ôèëüìà ìàòåðèàëîâ è ðåêâèçèòà. ïëþñ äðóãèå íå ñòîëü èçâåñòíûå ôàêòû î ôèëüìå.
• ëþáîïûòíûé ñïèñîê äëÿ àïîëîãåòîâ âñåãî îðèãèíàëüíîãî: äåñÿòü ñàìûõ êàññîâûõ àêò¸ðîâ, êîòîðûå íèêîãäà (èëè ïîêà åù¸) íå ñíèìàëèñü â ñèêâåëàõ (ïëþñ Áåí Àôôëåê).
• äëÿ ôèçèîíîìèè Àëàääèíà çà îñíîâó âçÿëè ëèöî Òîìà Êðóçà, íà ðîëü åãî øòàíîâ ïðèãëàñèëè ÝìÑè Õàììåðà, è äðóãèå èëëþñòðèðîâàííûå çàíèìàòåëüíûå ôàêòû èç èñòîðèè ëó÷øåãî ôèëüìà ñòóäèè "Äèñíåé" ñîãëàñíî ðåäàêöèè íàøåãî óþòíîãî êèíîæóðíàëà.
• â çàãîëîâêå ïîñòåð ê øåñòîìó ñåçîíó "Ñûíîâ àíàðõèè".
Íàïèñàë Alpas , â÷åðà â 19.42 íà movies · 41 êîììåíòàðèé
91
È åñëè ïðîêóðîð îñòðîóìíî çàìå÷àåò ÷òî ÷åëîâåê ñ ôàìèëèåé Ôàðáåð íå ìîæåò áûòü ÷åñòíûì, à ìû ìîë÷èì, òî çàâòðà êîãî–íèáóäü ïîñàäÿò çà òî, ÷òî îí åâðåé.
óãàäàéòå àâòîðà ôðàçû.
Íàïèñàë EnfantTerrible , â÷åðà â 15.14 íà politota · 138 êîììåíòàðèåâ
169
Ãëàâíûé ñæèãàòåëü ñåðäåö ðàññóæäàåò î æóðíàëèñòèêå. 1999 ãîä
Ïðîðî÷åñêèå ñëîâà.
Íàïèñàë PaFinder , â÷åðà â 11.30 íà politota · 88 êîììåíòàðèåâ
236
The Economist ñîãëàñåí ñ d3–þçåðîì Otaqsun
The Economist ñîãëàñåí ñ d3–þçåðîì Otaqsun
Êàê â÷åðà çàìåòèë otaqsun, "Ñ òàêèìè îò Ïóòèíà, äèàëîã âåñòè òðóäíî. Ýòî êàê â òîì ïðèìåðå èãðû â øàõìàòû ñ ãîëóáåì, ðàñêèäàåò ôèãóðû, îáîñðåò äîñêó è óëåòèò ê ñâîèì ðàññêàçûâàÿ ÷òî îí ïîáåäèò" (îðôîãðàôèÿ è ïóíêòóàöèÿ àâòîðà ñîõðàíåíû). Ïîõîæå, ÷òî The Economist ñîãëàñåí c Otaqsun.
Ïåðåâîä: Ýé, òàê ñåáÿ íå âåäóò!
Íàïèñàë nikolay_arefiev , â÷åðà â 08.18 íà politota · 13 êîììåíòàðèåâ
63
È ñíîâà åñòü 100.000
È ñíîâà åñòü 100.000
+1 âñåì, êòî ïðîãîëîñîâàë
Íàïèñàë kirgudu , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 21.46 íà politota · 66 êîììåíòàðèåâ
322
Òðóñ
Òðóñ
Ñîáÿíèí îòêàçàëñÿ îò ó÷àñòèÿ â äåáàòàõ. Êòî áû ñîìíåâàëñÿ.
Íàïèñàë spoon , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 18.39 íà politota · 191 êîììåíòàðèé
458
À èõ ñåðäöà, â ñëó÷àå àâòîìîáèëüíîé êàòàñòðîôû, çàðûâàòü â çåìëþ. Èëè ñæèãàòü, êàê íåïðèãîäíûå äëÿ ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ÷üåé–ëèáî æèçíè!
Ðîññèÿ 1, òðèäöàòü ñåêóíä ñëàäêîãî ïðÿìîãî ýôèðà.
Íàïèñàë glavryba , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 16.12 íà politota · 840 êîììåíòàðèåâ
657
Ïàóòèíà Øàðëîòòû (18+)
Ïàóòèíà Øàðëîòòû (18+)
Äåâî÷êó íà ÊÄÏ çîâóò Øàðëîòòà, îíà æèâåò â Êîëîðàäî è åé øåñòü ëåò. Îíà î÷åíü ëþáèò, êàê è âñå äåòè, âìåñòå ñ ðîäèòåëÿìè êàòàòüñÿ íà âåëîñèïåäàõ, ëàçèòü ïî ñêàëàì, ñìîòðåòü ìóëüòèêè è åñòü ìîðîæåíîå. Îäíèì ñëîâîì, âåñåëî ïðîâîäèòü òî ñàìîå âðåìÿ, êîòîðîå êàæäûé èç íàñ, ÿ óâåðåí, âñïîìèíàåò êàê ñàìîå ñ÷àñòëèâîå è áåççàáîòíîå. Îíà óæå ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåç çàïèíîê ÷èòàåò è áîëòàåò áåç óìîëêó.
Êîãäà â 2000 ãîäó èçáèðàòåëè øòàòà Êîëîðàäî áîëüøèíñòâîì ãîëîñîâ ïîääåðæàëè ïîïðàâêó, äîïóñêàþùóþ ïðèìåíåíèå ìåäèöèíñêîé ìàðèõóàíû, ðîäèòåëè Øàðëîòòû, Ìýòò è Ïýéäæ Ôèãè, ïðîãîëîñîâàëè ïðîòèâ. Îäíàêî, æèçíü çàñòàâèëà èõ ïîìåíÿòü ñâîå îòíîøåíèå ê äàííîìó ìåäèöèíñêîìó ïðåïàðàòó.
 èõ ñåìüå ïîÿâèëèñü áëèçíÿøêè. Îäíàæäû, êîãäà Ìýòò è Ïýéäæ êóïàëè èõ, ó Øàðëîòòû ñëó÷èëñÿ ïåðâûé ïðèñòóï. Ïåðåïóãàííûå ðîäèòåëè ïðîâåëè ïîëíîå ìåäèöèíñêîå îáñëåäîâàíèå ìàëûøêè, íî âðà÷è ñðàçó íå ñìîãëè ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ýòî çà çàáîëåâàíèå. Ïðèñòóïû ñòàëè ïðîèñõîäèòü âñå ÷àùå è ÷àùå. Ëå÷åíèå áàðáèòóðàòàìè è áåíçäèàçåïèíàìè íå äàëî æåëàåìîãî ýôôåêòà. Äåâî÷êà ñòàëà îòñòàâàòü â ðàçâèòèè îò áëèçíÿøêè.
Êîãäà Øàðëîòòå áûëî äâà ñ ïîëîâèíîé ãîäà, áèîõèìè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîäòâåðäèë íàëè÷èå ó íåå ìóòàöèè ãåíà SCN1A, êîòîðûé êîäèðóåò ñèíòåç áåëêà Nav1.1, îòâåòñòâåííîãî çà ïðàâèëüíóþ ðàáîòó íàòðèåâûõ èîííûõ êàíàëîâ, è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, çà ïåðåäà÷ó íåðâíûõ èìïóëüñîâ. Ýòà ìóòàöèÿ ïðèñóòñòâóåò ó ïîäàâëÿþùåãî áîëüøèíñòâà ïàöèåíòîâ, ñòðàäàþùèõ ñèíäðîìîì Äðàâå.
Íàçíà÷åííàÿ ïîçæå êåòîãåííàÿ äèåòà ñîâìåñòíî ñ ïðèåìîì ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ ëåêàðñòâ ïîìîãëè äåâî÷êå, íî íåíàäîëãî.  ïÿòü ëåò ïðèñòóïû âîçîáíîâèëèñü ñ åùå áîëüøåé ñèëîé è óæå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå ïîääàâàëèñü òåðàïèè. Ðåáåíîê ïîòåðÿë âîçìîæíîñòü õîäèòü, ãîâîðèòü è åñòü. Ïîíÿâ, ÷òî íà äàííûé ìîìåíò âñå ñðåäñòâà îïðîáîâàíû, ðîäèòåëè Øàðëîòòû ñòàëè èñêàòü íå÷òî "íåêëàññè÷åñêîå". Ïîñëå äîëãèõ ñîìíåíèé, êîíñóëüòàöèé ñî ñïåöèàëèñòàìè, êîòîðûå âñå–òàêè ñîãëàñèëèñü ñ äîâîäàìè ðîäèòåëåé, îíè ïîøëè, âîçìîæíî, íà ñàìûé áîëüøîé è íåîïðàâäàííûé ðèñê — îíè ðåøèëè äîáàâëÿòü â åäó Øàðëîòòå â î÷åíü ìàëûõ äîçàõ ìàñëî íà îñíîâå ìåäèöèíñêîé ìàðèõóàíû.
 ìåäèöèíñêîé ìàðèõóàíå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåò ïñèõîàêòèâíîãî òåòðàãèáðîêàííàáèíîëà è î÷åíü âåëèêî ñîäåðæàíèå êàííàáèäèîëà, êîòîðûé íå âëèÿåò íà ïñèõèêó ÷åëîâåêà.  øòàòå Êîëîðàäî ïðèìåíåíèå ìåäèöèíñêîé ìàðèõóàíû ðàçðåøåíî, åñëè ïàöèåíò ñòðàäàåò îò ðàêà, ãëàóêîìû, ÂÈ×/ÑÏÈÄà, ìûøå÷íûõ ñïàçìîâ, ýïèëåïñèè, èçíóðÿþùèõ áîëåé è òîøíîòû, à òàêæå îò ìûøå÷íîé àòðîôèè. Íî ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ êî âçðîñëûì ïàöèåíòàì, ïîýòîìó ðèñê èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìàðèõóàíû ïðè ëå÷åíèè ðåáåíêà î÷åíü âûñîê.
Íî ðåçóëüòàòû áûëè âïå÷àòëÿþùèìè. Ïðèñòóïû íå ïîâòîðèëèñü ÷åðåç ÷àñ, ÷åðåç äâà ÷àñà. Îíè íå ïîâòîðèëèñü â òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäóþùèõ ñåìè äíåé.
Ñåé÷àñ Øàðëîòòà — îáû÷íûé ðåáåíîê, êàê ÿ óæå óïîìÿíóë âíà÷àëå ïîñòà. Ïðèñòóïû, î÷åíü ñëàáûå, ñëó÷àþòñÿ ó íåå òåïåðü äâà–òðè ðàçà â ìåñÿö. Âûðàáîòàòü ìåòîäèêó ëå÷åíèÿ è ïîäîáðàòü îïòèìàëüíóþ äîçèðîâêó ìàñëà íà îñíîâå ìåäèöèíñêîé ìàðèõóàíû — îêîëî 8 ìã ìàñëà íà êèëîãðàìì âåñà — åé ïîìîãëè áðàòüÿ Ñòýíëè, êîòîðûõ ïðîçâàëè "Ðîáèí Ãóäû ìàðèõóàíû". Çàòåì îíè îðãàíèçîâàëè Realm of Caring Foundation, êîòîðûé ñðàçó æå ïîëó÷èë íåîôèöèàëüíîå íàçâàíèå Charlotte's Web ("Áðàòñòâî Øàðëîòòû" — âîëüíûé ïåðåâîä àâòîðà ïîñòà). Ñåé÷àñ â öåíòðå ïðîõîäÿò ëå÷åíèå ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåñïëàòíî 41 ïàöèåíò. Ïëàòà áåðåòñÿ ÷èñòî ñèìâîëè÷åñêàÿ èç–çà òîãî, ÷òî âî âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ áðàòüÿ Ñòýíëè áóäóò èìåòü ïðîáëåìû ñ çàêîíîì.
P.S. — àâòîð ïîñòà, ðàáîòàþùèé ìåäèöèíñêèì õèìèêîì è îñîçíàþùèé âîçìîæíóþ îïàñíîñòü óïîìÿíóòûõ âåùåñòâ, ïðåäóïðåæäàåò, ÷òî ýòîò ïîñò íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðåêëàìîé íàðêîòèêîâ è íåòðàäèöèîííûõ ñïîñîáîâ ëå÷åíèÿ.  áîðüáå science è story ïîáåäèë science. Åñëè àäìèíèñòðàöèÿ ïîäñàéòà ðåøèò óäàëèòü ïîñò, òî àâòîð îòíåñåòñÿ ñ ïîíèìàíèåì ê òàêîìó ðàçâèòèþ ñîáûòèé. Îðèãèíàë ñòàòüè òóò (àíãë).
Íàçâàíèå ïîñòà èçìåíåíî ïî ïðîñüáå àâòîðà.
Íàïèñàë BioSynth , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 18.10 íà science · 191 êîììåíòàðèé
376
13 îòäåë ñèíåäðèîíà ÇÀÎ "ÐÏÖ"
ß âîò ïðÿì òàê è ïðåäñòàâèë ëþäåé â ÷åðíûõ ëàòåêñíûõ áàëàõîíàõ ( ÷òî áû êðîâü ïðîùå áûëî ñìûâàòü), ñ áëåäíûìè ëèöàìè. Îíè ïðèåçæàþò íà êàæäîå ÄÒÏ ñî ñìåðòåëüíûì èñõîäîì. Ïðè èõ ïðèáëèæåíèè âåñü øóì è ãàì ñòèõàåò, òîëïà çåâàê çàìèðàåò. Êàçàêè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ñåðüåçíûìè, è íà÷èíàþò íåðâíî ñæèìàòü íàãàéêè, ñòàðóøêè íà÷èíàþò òèõîíüêî õíûêàòü ìîëèòâû, äåâóøêè áåëåþò ëèöàìè, è ïîêðåï÷å ïðèæèìàþò ñâîè ÷àä ê ïîäîëàì ñàðàôàíîâ. Îò ïîâðåæäåííûõ àâòîìîáèëåé ñìóùåííî îòõîäÿò ñïàñàòåëè, ñîòðóäíèêè ÃÈÁÄÄ ïðåêðàùàþò çàïîëíÿòü áóìàãè, è íà÷èíàþò ðàáîëåïíî ñóåòèòüñÿ çà ñïèíàìè è ìîë÷àëèâûõ ëþäåé â ÷åðíîì. Òå, íå îáðàùàÿ íè íà êîãî âíèìàíèÿ, ìîë÷à ïîäõîäÿò ê òðóïàì, äîñòàþò èç ñàêâîÿæåé ñòðàííûå ïðèáîðû, â òå÷åíèè íåñêîëüêèõ ìèíóò êîëäóþò íà òåëàìè. Ïîñëå ÷åãî, íå ñïåøà óáèðàþò ñâîþ ýëåêòðîíèêó â ÷åìîäàí÷èêè, òàê æå ìîë÷à êëàäóò íà ëáû æåðòâ ÄÒÏ êóñî÷êè òêàíè, è óäàëÿþòñÿ. Ñàìûé íåòåðïåëèâûé ñîòðóäíèê ÃÀÈ ïîáåãàåò ê òåëàì è â÷èòûâàåòñÿ â íàäïèñè íà êëî÷êàõ òêàíè — "Èìåíåì 13 îòäåëà ñèíåäðèîíà ÇÀÎ "ÐÏÖ" ïîñòàíîâëÿþ — Ñåé ðàá áîæèé íå áûë ïåäåðàñòîì ïðè æèçíå çåìíîé, è íå áóäåò èì âî âåêå âåêîâ, àìèíü." Òîæå ñàìîå íàïèñàíî íà ëáàõ ó äðóãèõ æåðòâ ÄÒÏ. Ãàèøíèê, ðàñòåðÿâ óæå âñå îñòàòêè ñïåñè è íàäìåííîñòè, ðàäîñòíî âûêðèêèâàåò â òîëïó — "Òóò íåò ïèäàðàñîâ, âñå íîðìàëüíûå ëþäè!!!". Ïî òîëïå ïðîíîñèòñÿ âçäîõ îáëåã÷åíèÿ, êòî–òî çàòÿãèâàåò "Áîæå öàðÿ õðàíè", ñòàðóøêè íà÷èíàþò îñåíÿòü ñåáÿ êðåñòíûì çíàìåíåì, è áèòü ïîêëîíû, êàçàêè óëûáàòüñÿ, è ñòðîèòü ãëàçêè äåâóøêàì, äåâóøêè æå, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, ïåðåñòàþò íåðâíî ïðèæèìàòü ê ïîäîëàì ñâîèõ ñàðàôàíîâ äåòåé, è ðîáêî îòâå÷àòü íà çàèãðûâàíèÿ êàçàêîâ. Êàê èç ïîä çåìëè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåäèêè, îïåðàòèâíî ãðóçÿò òðóïû â êàðåòû ñêîðîé ïîìîùè, è óíîñÿòñÿ â ìîðã ïîä çàíóäíûé âîé ñèðåí. Ñîòðóäíèêè ÃÈÁÄÄ, è ñïàñàòåëè âîçâðàùàþòñÿ ê ñâîèì îáÿçàííîñòÿì, äåëî ñïîðèòñÿ, èáî âñå òåïåðü çíàþò, ÷òî ýòè ëþäè íå áûëè ãåÿìè, à çíà÷èò èõ îðãàíû ñïàñóò â ñêîðîì âðåìåíè ìíîãî íè â ÷åì íå ïîâèííûõ æèçíåé. À íàä ïëîùàäüþ ðàçíîñèòñÿ "Áîæå öàðÿ õðàíè"
Íàïèñàë ortigr, ñåãîäíÿ â 18.12
Íàïèñàë ZumZum , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 19.42 íà quotes · 39 êîììåíòàðèåâ
280
ÔÀÐïîñò ¹28. Ìýðèÿ èëè áàë óðîäîâ?
Ôèíàë ïðîñòî ïðåêðàñåí.
Íàïèñàë Tr0n , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 14.19 íà auto · 112 êîììåíòàðèåâ
465
Äæåðåìè Áåíòàì: ãóìàíèñò, ïðàâîâåä è ìóçåéíûé ýêñïîíàò
Äæåðåìè Áåíòàì: ãóìàíèñò, ïðàâîâåä è ìóçåéíûé ýêñïîíàò
Äæåðåìè Áåíòàì ðîäèëñÿ â 1748 ãîäó â ñåìüå ëîíäîíñêîãî þðèñòà. Ðîñ îäàðåííûì ðåáåíêîì: ñ ìàëûõ ëåò ÷èòàë ôîëèàíòû àíãëèéñêîé èñòîðèè, â òðè ãîäà íà÷àë èçó÷àòü ëàòûíü, à â 12 ïîñòóïèë â Îêñôîðä.
Ïîëó÷èâ þðèäè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå Áåíòàì áûë äîïóùåí ê àäâîêàòñêîé ïðàêòèêå, íî ïðåäïî÷åë íàóêó. Íà ýòîì ïîïðèùå îí ïðåóñïåë, íàïèñàâ ïðîèçâåäåíèé íà 70 òîìîâ, äîáèâøèñü âíåäðåíèÿ â ïðàêòèêó ñâîèõ ïðîãðåññèâíûõ èäåé è âûðàñòèâ ïëåÿäó âûäàþùèõñÿ ìûñëèòåëåé.
Ó÷åíûé äîêàçûâàë, ÷òî ëþáîé ÷åëîâåê ñòðåìèòñÿ îáåñïå÷èòü â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñîáñòâåííûå èíòåðåñû.  îñíîâå ýòîãî ëåæèò ïðèðîäíîå æåëàíèå ïîëó÷èòü êàê ìîæíî áîëüøå óäîâîëüñòâèÿ, èçáåãàÿ ïî âîçìîæíîñòè ñòðàäàíèé. Ðàçâèâàÿ ñâîþ èäåþ, Áåíòàì ïîëàãàë, ÷òî îáùåñòâåííûé èíòåðåñ åñòü ñóììà èíäèâèäóàëüíûõ èíòåðåñîâ. Èç ýòîãî âûòåêàëî îáùåå ïðàâèëî óïðàâëåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâîì: "Îñíîâà íðàâñòâåííîñòè è çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â íàèáîëüøåì ñ÷àñòüå íàèáîëüøåãî ÷èñëà ëþäåé". Èäåÿ ïîëó÷èëà íàçâàíèå "óòèëèòàðèçìà" îò àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà utility — "ïîëüçà".
Áåíòàì àêòèâíî ñòðåìèëñÿ âëèÿòü íà ïðàêòèêó. Óáåæäåííûé, ÷òî âñÿêèé ïðåñòóïíèê ñîâåðøàåò çëîäåÿíèÿ äëÿ óäîâîëüñòâèÿ, è ÷òî îòâåòîì íà ýòî ìîæåò áûòü òîëüêî òà ìåðà íàêàçàíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïåðåâåñèò ïðåñòóïíîå óäîâîëüñòâèå, îí âûñòóïàë çà ñîðàçìåðíîñòü íàêàçàíèé.  èòîãå ÷ðåçìåðíî æåñòêàÿ â òó ýïîõó ñèñòåìà óãîëîâíûõ íàêàçàíèé â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè (âåøàëè äàæå çà ìåëêèå êðàæè) ñòàëà ñìÿã÷àòüñÿ. Åñëè â íà÷àëå 19–ãî âåêà ñóùåñòâîâàëî 250 ïðåñòóïëåíèé, êîòîðûå êàðàëèñü ñìåðòüþ, òî ê 1861 ãîäó èõ îñòàëîñü âñåãî ÷åòûðå.
Ó÷åíûé òàêæå ðàçðàáîòàë ìîäåëü èäåàëüíî îáîçðèìîé òþðüìû, êîòîðàÿ áûëà íàçâàíà "Ïàíîïòèêóì" (îò ãðå÷åñêèõ ñëîâ pan — "âñå" è optikos — "çðèòåëüíûé"), î ÷åì çäåñü óæå ïèñàëè. Òàêàÿ òþðüìà ïðåäñòàâëÿëà ñîáîé êðóãëîå çäàíèå, ãäå â öåíòðå ðàñïîëàãàëàñü áóäêà ñ íåâèäèìûìè äëÿ çàêëþ÷åííûõ íàäçèðàòåëÿìè.  ïîñëåäóþùåì ìîäåëü èñïîëüçîâàëè íå òîëüêî â Áðèòàíèè, íî è â ÑØÀ, Ìåêñèêå, íà Êóáå è äðóãèõ ñòðàíàõ.
Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî ïîãëîùåííûé íàóêîé Áåíòàì íèêîãäà íå çàâåë ñåìüè è äàæå ñâîþ êîí÷èíó èñïîëüçîâàë ñóãóáî â íàó÷íûõ öåëÿõ. Ïî çàâåùàíèþ òåëî ó÷åíîãî ïðåïàðèðîâàëè íà àíàòîìè÷åñêîì çàíÿòèè. Ïîñëå ýòîãî íà ñêåëåò íàäåëè îäåæäó, à òàêæå ïðèêðåïèëè âîñêîâóþ ãîëîâó, âîñïðîèçâîäèâøóþ ÷åðòû ëèöà Áåíòàìà. Ýòîò ýêñïîíàò äî ñèõ ïîð õðàíèòñÿ â çàñòåêëåííîé êàáèíêå â ëîíäîíñêîì Þíèâåðñèòè Êîëëåäæå — ýëèòíîì ó÷åáíîì çàâåäåíèè, îäíèì èç îñíîâàòåëåé ÿâëÿëñÿ Áåíòàì.
Åùå ìíîãî âñåãî ïîëåçíîãî ñäåëàë Äæåðåìè Áåíòàì. Íî ãëàâíîé åãî çàñëóãîé ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïîïóëÿðèçàöèÿ ïðèíöèïà, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîòîðûì êàæäûé çàêîí è ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ó÷ðåæäåíèå äîëæíû ïðîõîäèòü èñïûòàíèå íà ñîîòâåòñòâèå îáùåìó áëàãó.
Âîò íåñêîëüêî õîðîøèõ àôîðèçìîâ, ïðèïèñûâàåìûõ ó÷åíîìó:
— "Äåñïîòèçì è àíàðõèÿ âñåãäà ðÿäîì";
— "Áåñïîëåçíî ðàññóæäàòü îá èíòåðåñàõ îáùåñòâà, íå èìåÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ â ÷åì çàêëþ÷àþòñÿ èíòåðåñû ÷åëîâåêà";
— "Ïðîòÿãèâàÿ ðóêè ê çâåçäàì, ìû ñëèøêîì ÷àñòî çàáûâàåì î öâåòàõ ïîä íîãàìè".
À íà êàðòèíêå äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ — òî, ÷òî çàâåùàë Äæåðåìè Áåíòàì.
Íàïèñàë Fergan_Trop , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 21.49 íà science · 18 êîììåíòàðèåâ
79
[Àðáîðèñò] Ðàáîòà è îòäûõ íà äåðåâüÿõ
Ïðèìåðíî äâà ãîäà ñ ïåðåðûâàìè çàíèìàþñü àðáîðèñòèêîé. Ýòî îòâåòâëåíèå ïðîìûøëåííîãî àëüïèíèçìà, ñâÿçàííîå ñ âûñîòíîé ðàáîòîé íà äåðåâüÿõ. Áûâàåò ëþäè óäèâëÿþòñÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî íå çíàþò ÷òî âîîáùå òàêîå áûâàåò, ÷òî êòî–òî ðàáîòàåò íà äåðåâüÿõ. Âîò êàêèå áûâàþò îñíîâíûå çàäà÷è:
* Ñàíèòàðíàÿ îáðåçêà äåðåâüåâ. Íîæîâêîé èëè ìàëåíüêîé áåíçîïèëîé óäàëÿþòñÿ ñóõèå è ñëîìàííûå âåòêè ñî ñòâîëà. Ìåñòî ñðåçà èíîãäà îáðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ñàäîâûì âàðîì èëè ñðåäñòâîì "ÐàíÍåò" äëÿ ëó÷øåãî çàæèâëåíèÿ ñðåçà.
* Îáðàáîòêà îò êîðîåäà. Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû åëè ñèëüíî ñòðàäàþò îò êîðîåäà. Ïîýòîìó òðè ðàçà â ñåçîí (àïðåëü, èþíü, àâãóñò) ñòâîëû îáðàáàòûâàþòñÿ èç ðó÷íîãî ðàñïûëèòåëÿ ñðåäñòâîì "Êëèïïåð".
* Óäàëåíèå ì¸ðòâûõ, àâàðèéíûõ äåðåâüåâ. Êîãäà äåðåâî íåëüçÿ âàëèòü öåëèêîì, îíî ðàçáèðàåòñÿ ïî ÷àñòÿì ñâåðçó âíèç. Åñëè óñëîâèÿ ïîçâîëÿþò, òî ôðàãìåíòû ñáðàñûâàþòñÿ. Åñëè óñëîâèÿ íå ïîçâîëÿþò, òî ôðàãìåíòû ñïóñêàþòñÿ íà âåð¸âêå. Ñàìàÿ îïàñíàÿ è ñëîæíàÿ ðàáîòà â àðáîðèñòèêå.
* Ñïàñåíèå êîøåê ñ äåðåâüåâ, êîòîðûå ñàìè íå ìîãóò ñïóñòèòüñÿ ïîòîìó ÷òî çàëåçëè ñëèøêîì âûñîêî.
* Ìîíòàæ ðàçíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé íà äåðåâüÿõ. Íàïðèìåð, ÿ âåøàë ôîíàðü íà ðàñòÿíóòîì òðîñå è ðàáîòàë íà ñòðîèòåëüñòâå âåð¸âî÷íûõ ïàðêîâ.
Êðîìå ðàáîòû, íà äåðåâüÿõ ìîæíî ïðîñòî ïðèÿòíî ïðîâîäèòü âðåìÿ.  ðàçíûõ ñòðàíàõ äîâîëüíî ïîïóëÿðíî ðåêðåàòèâíîå äðåâîëàçàíèå, â Ðîññèè ïîêà íåò. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü ñàéò ïî ýòîé òåìå, òàì åñòü íåêîòîðûå ìàòåðèàëû. Âñ¸ íèêàê íå ñîáåðóñü, ÷òîáû çàïèñàòü îáó÷àþùåå âèäåî. Àäðåñ ñàéòà: http://drevolazanie.ru Íàïðèìåð, ìîæíî ïîâåñèòü ãàìàêè â êðîíå äåðåâà íà âûñîòå 25 ìåòðîâ è ïåðåíî÷åâàòü â íèõ. Òàê ìû è äåëàëè.
Íàïèñàë alesha702 , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 19.11 íà sprosi · 51 êîììåíòàðèé
90
«Ëóííûé çàÿö»
«Ëóííûé çàÿö»
Àâòîð ôîòî: Steve Adams.
Íàïèñàë ikocs , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 14.42 íà img · 18 êîììåíòàðèåâ
197
Óêðàë âñþ ñîöèîëîãèþ
Ïðîôåññîð Êóáàíñêîãî ãîñóíèâåðñèòåòà Ìèõàèë Ñàââà ïîëó÷èë ãðàíò îò ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Êðàñíîäàðñêîãî êðàÿ íà ïðîâåäåíèå ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îïðîñà. È ïðîâåë åãî. Íî ðàñïëàòèëñÿ ñ èíòåðâüþåðàìè íåïðàâèëüíûìè äåíüãàìè, íå òåìè, êîòîðûå îí ïîëó÷èë îò ãîñóäàðñòâà, à êàêèìè–òî äðóãèìè. Òàê óòâåðæäàåò ñëåäñòâèå. Ïðîôåññîð ñèäèò óæå 4 ìåñÿöà, â÷åðà ñóä, ïðîõîäèâøèé â çàêðûòîì ðåæèìå, ïðîäëèë àðåñò åùå íà 2. Äî÷åðè ïðîôåññîðà, ïûòàâøåéñÿ ïîïàñòü íà çàñåäàíèå, ïðÿìî â çäàíèè ñóäà ïðèëåòåëî ïî ëèöó.
Ïðåäûñòîðèÿ: â ñåðåäèíå ìàðòà Óïðàâëåíèå ÔÑÁ ïî Êðàñíîäàðñêîìó êðàþ â ðàìêàõ êàìïàíèè ïî âûÿâëåíèþ èíîñòðàííûõ àãåíòîâ ïðîâîäèëî ìàññîâûå ïðîâåðêè ÍÊÎ. Ñàââà, çàíèìàâøèé ïîñò çàìãëàâû Ñîâåòà ïî ïðàâàì ÷åëîâåêà ïðè ãóáåðíàòîðå Êðàñíîäàðñêîãî êðàÿ, ïóáëè÷íî çàÿâèë î íàðóøåíèÿõ, äîïóùåííûõ â õîäå ýòèõ ïðîâåðîê.
Ïðîôåññîðó ïîñîâåòîâàëè ìåíüøå áðåí÷àòü, âåäü ó ñàìîãî ðûëî â ïóøêó – ãðàíòû áðàë, è íå òîëüêî ó Òêà÷åâà, íî è ó àìåðèêàíñêèõ ôîíäîâ. Ñàââà íå âíÿë. 15 àïðåëÿ îí ñîáðàëñÿ âûñòóïèòü â Ìîñêâå íà çàñåäàíèè Ñîâåòà ïðè ïðåçèäåíòå ÐÔ ïî ðàçâèòèþ ãðàæäàíñêîãî îáùåñòâà è ïðàâàì ÷åëîâåêà ñ äîêëàäîì î ïðîâåðêàõ ÍÊÎ íà Êóáàíè. Íî íå óñïåë – 12 àïðåëÿ åãî àðåñòîâàëè. Ñëåäñòâèå ïî äåëó î õèùåíèè 366 òûñ. ðóá., âûäåëåííûõ íà ñîöîïðîñ, êîòîðûé Ñàââà ïðîâåë çà êàêèå–òî äðóãèå, ïîêà íå óñòàíîâëåííûå ñðåäñòâà, âåäåò ÔÑÁ. Âñå ñóäåáíûå çàñåäàíèÿ ïî ìåðå ïðåñå÷åíèÿ ïðîâîäÿòñÿ â çàêðûòîì ðåæèìå. Åùå ïîäðîáíîñòè.
Íàïèñàë Passer , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 05.37 íà politota · 28 êîììåíòàðèåâ
233
[Áîëüíîé àíòåðîãðàäíîé àìíåçèåé]
Ìíå 63 ãîäà. Áîëåí óæå áîëüøå 10 ëåò. Áûë ïåðèîä ðåìèññèè, íî íåäîëãîâðåìåííûé. Çàáîëåâàíèå õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ íàðóøåíèåì ðàáîòû êðàòêîâðåìåííîé ïàìÿòè. Äîëãîâðåìåííàÿ ðàáîòàåò íîðìàëüíî, ÿ îòëè÷íî ïîìíþ, ÷òî áûëî äî 52 ëåò. Îáû÷íûé ñðîê õðàíåíèÿ êðàòêîâðåìåííûõ âîñïîìèíàíèé — 10–15 ìèíóò. Ïîñëå ýòîãî ÿ çàáûâàþ, ÷òî áûëî ðàíåå. Òåì íå ìåíåå, êîå–÷òî îñòàåòñÿ, íî î÷åíü ìàëî. Ïîñëå 5–10 ïîâòîðåíèé ìîãó çàïîìíèòü íåñëîæíóþ íîâóþ èíôîðìàöèþ. Âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè çàáûâàþ è å¸.
Êðàòêèå áèîãðàôè÷åñêèå ñâåäåíèÿ: ó ìåíÿ åñòü òðè áûâøèõ æåíû, ñûí è äî÷ü, ïî îáðàçîâàíèþ ÿ ãåîëîã è òîïîãðàô. Ïðîôåññèîíàëüíî èãðàë â ôóòáîë è âîëåéáîë. Ýòíè÷åñêè ñòðàííàÿ ñìåñü ýñòîíöåâ è òàòàð. Ðîäèëñÿ â Ëåíèíãðàäå. Ðàáîòàë âñþ æèçíü â îäíîì ìåñòå, ÍÈÈ, ñíà÷àëà â ïîëå, ïîòîì íà êàìèðàëêå (Îò þçåðà: íå çíàþ òî÷íî ÷òî ýòî, çàïèñàë íà ñëóõ. Êàê ÿ ïîíÿë — ðàáîòà "çà ñòîëîì").
Âû ìîæåòå çàäàâàòü ëþáûå âîïðîñû, îòâå÷ó íà âñ¸, ÷òî ñìîãó.
[Ïîñò íàïèñàí ðîäñòâåííèêîì, îí æå áóäåò ïèñàòü îòâåòû ñî ñëîâ àâòîðà, ñî âñåìè ðàçúÿñíåíèÿìè, åñëè òàêîâûå ïîòðåáóþòñÿ. Àâòîð ïîñòà áóäåò çäåñü ÷àñà 3–4. Òàêæå îí ïîïðîñèë ñîõðàíèòü åãî àíîíèìíîñòü è íå çàäàâàòü âîïðîñû, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ðàñêðûòü åãî ëè÷íîñòü. Ó þçåðà åñòü êîå–êàêèå äàííûå, êîòîðûå àâòîð íå ïîìíèò, ÿ ðàñêðîþ èõ ñ ðàçðåøåíèÿ àâòîðà.]
Íàïèñàë cyberworm , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 00.48 íà sprosi · 204 êîììåíòàðèÿ
425
ÐÆÄ — Ñàìàÿ ïîåçäàòàÿ çàáîòà î ïàññàæèðàõ!
ÐÆÄ — Ñàìàÿ ïîåçäàòàÿ çàáîòà î ïàññàæèðàõ!
È æèâîòíûì ïîåçäà!
Íàïèñàë glavryba , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 06.19 íà youtube · 52 êîììåíòàðèÿ
134
È ñíîâà Ìûòèùè
È ñíîâà Ìûòèùè
Îïîðà ïåøåõîäíîãî ìîñòà ÷åðåç ßóçó âîçëå 10 øêîëû.
Íàïèñàë bellabs , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 02.36 íà img · 26 êîììåíòàðèåâ
191
Æèòåëü Âîðîíåæà óåçæàåò èç ñòðàíû ïîñëå óãðîç Òèíüêîâà
Æèòåëü Âîðîíåæà óåçæàåò èç ñòðàíû ïîñëå óãðîç Òèíüêîâà
«Â÷åðà âå÷åðîì ïðèåõàë äîìîé, äî ìåíÿ äîçâîíèëèñü àäâîêàòû è ðàññêàçàëè î çàÿâëåíèÿõ Òèíüêîâà ñ óãðîçàìè. Ýòî ÷åëîâåê ñî ñâîèìè ñâÿçÿìè, äåíüãàìè íàïðÿìóþ ãîâîðèò, ÷òî ÿ áóäó ñèäåòü ÷åòûðå ãîäà. È ó ìåíÿ âîïðîñ: à ïî÷åìó ÷åòûðå ãîäà, à íå îäèí, íå äâà è íå òðè? Òî åñòü ÷åëîâåê óæå ñ êåì–òî ïåðåãîâîðèë, êîìó–òî ÷òî–òî äàë, è åìó ïîîáåùàëè ïîñàäèòü ìåíÿ íà ÷åòûðå ãîäà?.. ß èçâèíÿþñü, íî ñ ñåãîäíÿøíåãî äíÿ ìåíÿ â Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè áîëüøå íå áóäåò», – ñêàçàë Äìèòðèé Àãàðêîâ.
Ïîëíîå èíòåðâüþ.
Íàïèñàë Underline , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 00.11 íà politics · 152 êîììåíòàðèÿ
270
Êàðòà Óêðàèíû 1712 ãîäà [1676?1400]
Êàðòà Óêðàèíû 1712 ãîäà [1676?1400]
Ýòîò êàðòîãðàôè÷åñêèé øåäåâð ñîçäàí â 1712 ãîäó çíàìåíèòûì íåìåöêèì êàðòîãðàôîì Èîãàííîì Ãîìàííîì. Íàçâàíèå, â ïåðåâîäå ñ ëàòûíè, çâó÷èò òàê: "Óêðàèíà èëè êàçàöêàÿ çåìëÿ ñ ïðèëåãàþùèìè ïðîâèíöèÿìè Âàëàõèè, Ìîëäàâèè è Ìàëîé Òàòàðèè".
Ñàìûé ïåðâûé å¸ ýêçåìïëÿð ïîÿâèëñÿ â 1712 ãîäó, íî â òå÷åíèè âñåãî 18 âåêà íåîäíîêðàòíî ïåðåèçäàâàëñÿ. Ñðåäè çàïàäíûõ èñòîðèêîâ–ëþáèòåëåé ýòî îäíî èç ñàìûõ ïîïóëÿðíûõ èçîáðàæåíèé äðåâíåé Óêðàèíû.
Åù¸ õî÷ó îáðàòèòü âàøå âíèìàíèå íà çàïàäíóþ ÷àñòü êàðòû. Íà íåé ÷åòêî âèäíî [óâåëè÷åííûé ôðàãìåíò], ÷òî Ëüâîâ ïðèíàäëåæèò ê óêðàèíñêîé òåððèòîðèè. Òàê êàê ýòî î÷åíü ñïåêóëÿòèâíàÿ òåìà, è ÷àñòî ðàñïóñêàþòñÿ ñëóõè, ÷òî Ëüâîâ ñòàë ÷àñòüþ Óêðàèíû ëèøü áëàãîäàðÿ Ñòàëèíó, à äî ýòîãî íèêîãäà åþ íå áûë.
Áîëåå äåòàëüíî ðàññìîòðåòü ýòó êàðòó ìîæíî çäåñü.
PS à åñëè âàì íðàâÿòñÿ êàðòû, òî ïîäïèñûâàéòåñü íà ìîé ïîäñàéò ëþáèòåëåé âñÿêèõ ÷åðòåæåé — http://mapporn.d3.ru/ :)
Íàïèñàë Surikat , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 03.16 íà ukraine · 123 êîììåíòàðèÿ
123
Ó íåñîâåðøåííîëåòíåé äî÷åðè Ñîáÿíèíà íàøëàñü êâàðòèðà çà 173 ìëí. ðóáëåé.
Êâàðòèðà ïëîùàäüþ 308 êâ. ì ïðèíàäëåæàùàÿ íåñîâåðøåííîëåòíåé äî÷åðè Ñîáÿíèíà — Îëüãå Ñåðãååâíå (1997 ã. ð.) ñòîèò ïðèìåðíî â 6 ðàç áîëüøå, ÷åì åãî âîçìîæíûé äîõîä çà ïîñëåäíèå 10 ëåò.
Íàïèñàë weltbewegung , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 16.17 íà politota · 383 êîììåíòàðèÿ
748
Ýäèíáóðãñêèé ïîêóïàòåëü òðóïîâ
Ýäèíáóðãñêèé ïîêóïàòåëü òðóïîâ
Íà äâîðå ñòîÿë ïàñìóðíûé íîÿáðü 1827 ãîäà.  îäèí èç äíåé â äîì ýäèíáóðãñêîãî âðà÷à Ðîáåðòà Íîêñà ïîñòó÷àëèñü. Ó ïîðîãà, çàêóòàâøèñü â ïëàùè è íàäâèíóâ øëÿïû íà ñàìûå ãëàçà, ñòîÿëè äâà íåçíàêîìöà. Ïîä èõ íîãàìè ëåæàë òðóï.
Äâåðè Íîêñà âñåãäà áûëè îòêðûòû äëÿ ãîñòåé ñ ìåðòâåöàìè, âåäü îí ïðåïîäàâàë àíàòîìèþ â èçâåñòíîé â Øîòëàíäèè àíàòîìè÷åñêîé øêîëå. Îí ïðèäåðæèâàëñÿ "ôðàíöóçñêîé ìîäåëè" îáó÷åíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ ïîäðàçóìåâàëà îáåñïå÷åíèå êàæäîãî ñòóäåíòà îòäåëüíûì òðóïîì. Ñòóäåíòîâ áûëî ìíîãî, ïîýòîìó ìàòåðèàëà äëÿ îáó÷åíèÿ õðîíè÷åñêè íå õâàòàëî. Îáû÷íî ïðåïàðèðîâàëè òåëà ïðåñòóïíèêîâ, íî èõ ïîñòóïàëî âñå ìåíüøå, ïîñêîëüêó â Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè ïðîäîëæàëîñü ñìÿã÷åíèå çàêîíîâ è ñìåðòíàÿ êàçíü ñòàíîâèëàñü ðåäêîñòüþ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ðîäñòâåííèêîâ óìåðøèõ ëþäåé ïî÷òè íåâîçìîæíî áûëî óãîâîðèòü íà ïðîäàæó èëè ïåðåäà÷ó òðóïà — ðåëèãèîçíûå ÷óâñòâà âåðóþùèõ áûëè åùå ãëóáîêè.
Òåì âðåìåíåì ïîñåòèòåëè ïðåäñòàâèëèñü êàê Óèëüÿì Õýéð è Óèëüÿì Áåðê. Çà ÷àøêîé ÷àÿ îíè ëþáåçíî ðàññêàçàëè, ÷òî ðîäñòâåííèêè óìåðøåãî ïðîäàëè èì òðóï, à îíè õîòåëè áû íå áåç âûãîäû åãî ïåðåïðîäàòü. Àíàòîìè÷åñêàÿ øêîëà èñïûòûâàëà îñòðóþ íåõâàòêó â òîâàðå è Íîêñ íå ñòàë çàäàâàòü ëèøíèõ âîïðîñîâ. Áûñòðî ñòîðãîâàëèñü íà çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñóììå — 7 ôóíòàõ è 10 øèëëèíãàõ.
Êàê âûÿñíèëîñü çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîçæå, òðóï ïðèíàäëåæàë áåçâðåìåííî ïî÷èâøåìó æèëüöó íî÷ëåæêè "Ó Òàííåðà". Âëàäåëüöåì æå çàâåäåíèÿ áûë âûøåíàçâàííûé Óèëüÿì Õýéð. Ïîñëåäíåìó íå óäàëîñü íàéòè ðîäñòâåííèêîâ ïîêîéíèêà è îí ðåøèë âîçìåñòèòü íåîïëà÷åííîå ïðîæèâàíèå èçâåñòíûì ñïîñîáîì.
Õýéð è ïîìîãàâøèé åìó Áåðê äîãàäàëèñü, ÷òî íàïàëè íà çîëîòóþ æèëó — îäèí òðóï ïðèíåñ ñóììó, êîòîðàÿ ìîãëà áûòü âûðó÷åíà çà íåäåëþ ñîäåðæàíèÿ íî÷ëåæêè.  òå÷åíèå ñëåäóþùèõ 12 ìåñÿöåâ ñãîâîð÷èâûé Ðîáåðò Íîêñ ïðèîáðåë ó Óèëüÿìîâ åùå 16 ìåðòâåöîâ. Âñå îíè áûëè íàïðàâëåíû íà áëàãîðîäíîå äåëî — îáó÷åíèå ìîëîäûõ àíàòîìîâ è õèðóðãîâ.
Ñîáûòèÿ øëè âçàèìîâûãîäíûì ÷åðåäîì, ïîêà îäíàæäû â ïîëèöèþ íå îáðàòèëèñü ðîäñòâåííèêè ïðîïàâøåãî íåñêîëüêî äíåé íàçàä ïüÿí÷óãè. Ñëåäû ïðèâåëè ñûùèêîâ â íî÷ëåæêó. Ñîâñåì íåìíîãî ñìåêàëêè ïîíàäîáèëîñü äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû âîññîçäàòü êàðòèíó ïðåñòóïëåíèÿ — âî âðåìÿ ïüÿíîãî ñíà ÷åëîâåê áûë ïðèäóøåí Áåðêîì è Õýéðîì. Åùå îíè ñîçíàëèñü, ÷òî îòâåçëè òðóï ê èçâåñòíîìó âñåìó ãîðîäó Íîêñó, ïîëó÷èâ âçàìåí âíóøèòåëüíûé ãîíîðàð.
Âèíà ïðåñòóïíèêîâ â óáèéñòâå ñåìíàäöàòè ÷åëîâåê áûëà ïîëíîñòüþ äîêàçàíà. Áîëüøîå ñîäåéñòâèå ñóäüå îêàçàë Õýéð, ñðàçó æå ïîøåäøèé íà ñäåëêó ñ ïðàâîñóäèåì. Ýòî ïðåäîñòàâèëî åìó èììóíèòåò îò âûñøåé ìåðû íàêàçàíèÿ è ïîýòîìó ïîâåøåí áûë òîëüêî åãî ñîîáùíèê.
À Ðîáåðò Íîêñ? Àíàòîì áûë îïðàâäàí çà îòñóòñòâèåì óëèê, óêàçûâàâøèõ íà åãî íåïîñðåäñòâåííîå ó÷àñòèå â óáèéñòâàõ. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ñ òîãî äíÿ åãî âðà÷åáíàÿ êàðüåðà ïîøëà ïîä îòêîñ. Ïðåññà ðàñòðóáèëà êîøìàðíóþ èñòîðèþ íà âñþ Áðèòàíèþ. Èñïóãàííûå è îçëîáëåííûå æèòåëè Ýäèíáóðãà íàïàëè íà äîì àíàòîìà è âûáèëè âñå îêíà. Êîëëåãè âûíóäèëè Íîêñà çàêðûòü ïðåïîäàâàåìûå èì àíàòîìè÷åñêèå êóðñû è ïîäàòü â îòñòàâêó ñî âñåõ ïîñòîâ. Îí áûë âûíóæäåí ïåðåáðàòüñÿ â Ëîíäîí, ãäå ïåðåáèâàëñÿ ñòàòüÿìè â ìåäèöèíñêèõ æóðíàëàõ è ïîäðàáàòûâàë ïàòîëîãîàíàòîìîì. Çëîïîëó÷íûé Íîêñ óìåð â íóæäå è îäèíî÷åñòâå â 1862 ãîäó.
Âïðî÷åì, äåÿòåëüíîñòü Ðîáåðòà Íîêñà êîñâåííî ñïîñîáñòâîâàëà ðàçâèòèþ ìåäèöèíû. Îïèñàííàÿ èñòîðèÿ, îñòàâøàÿñÿ â èñòîðèè êàê "Óýñò–Ïîðòñêèå óáèéñòâà", ïîñëóæèëà êàòàëèçàòîðîì øèðîêîé îáùåñòâåííîé äèñêóññèè.  ðåçóëüòàòå â 1832 ãîäó áðèòàíñêèé ïàðëàìåíò ïðèíÿë Àíàòîìè÷åñêèé àêò, ðàñøèðèâøèé çàêîííûå ñïîñîáû ïîëó÷åíèÿ òðóïîâ äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ àíàòîìè÷åñêèõ çàíÿòèé. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî çàêîí äî ñèõ ïîð äåéñòâóåò â Øîòëàíäèè.
Íà êàðòèíêå äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ âíèìàíèÿ — ïîðòðåò Ðîáåðòà Íîêñà. Âî âðåìÿ ðàáîòû.
Íàïèñàë Fergan_Trop , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 02.31 íà story · 32 êîììåíòàðèÿ
92
Óíè÷òîæåíèå SEO–âèðóñà â çàðîäûøå
Óíè÷òîæåíèå SEO–âèðóñà â çàðîäûøå
"Íàøà ìàìà ãîâîðèò, ÷òî åñëè ìû ñîáåðåì 1 ìèëëèîí ëàéêîâ, ìû íå ïîëó÷èì íèôèãà.
Åñëè íàì ÷òî–òî íóæíî, äëÿ ýòîãî íàäî ïîðàáîòàòü, à íå óíèæàòüñÿ íà ôýéñáóêå."
Íàïèñàë ZorgeZorge , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 16.53 íà hahahahah · 79 êîììåíòàðèåâ
497
Íè÷òî íå ïðåäâåùàëî. Ñòðàøíî è íåëåïî
Êîãäà èõ ãðóçèëè íà Óêðàèíå, ñêàçàëè, ÷òî äîñòàâÿò â ÌèíÂîäû, ÷òî èõ òàì æäóò óþòíûå ïîìåùåíèÿ, îáèëüíûé è âûñîêîêàëîðèéíûé ðàöèîí, çàáîòëèâûé îáñëóæèâàþùèé ïåðñîíàë è ïðèÿòíûé âî âñåõ îòíîøåíèÿõ êëèìàò. Äîðîãà äëÿ íèõ ïðåäñòàâëÿëàñü íå ñàìûì ïðèÿòíûì âðåìÿïðîâîæäåíèåì, äà è òåñíîâàòî ïðèøëîñü, íî îíè íå óíûâàëè è, âåðîÿòíî, äàæå âåñåëî ïåðåãîâàðèâàëèñü äðóã ñ äðóãîì. Îíè íå ìîãëè äîãàäûâàòüñÿ, ÷òî òðàíñïîðò òåì âðåìåíåì íàáðàë ïîëîæåííûé êðåéñåðñêèé õîä è íàïðàâèëñÿ â ñòîðîíó Ãåðìàíèè...
Êîãäà âîêðóã ïîëûõíóëî ñïëîøíîé ñòåíîé îãíÿ, íèêòî èç íèõ òàê è íå ïîíÿë, ÷òî ïðîèçîøëî. Ìû äàæå òî÷íî íå çíàåì, ñêîëü èõ áûëî, ìîæåò ñîòíè, íî ñêîðåå âñå–òàêè òûñÿ÷è, è, êîíå÷íî, óæå íå óçíàåì, êàêèå ìûñëè áóøåâàëè â èõ ãîëîâàõ â ïîñëåäíèå ìãíîâåíüÿ ïåðåä ìó÷èòåëüíîé ãèáåëüþ. Êàê ñêóïî ñîîáùàþò èñòî÷íèêè, íå âûæèë íèêòî.
Íàïèñàë TeleGin , 10 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 04.08 íà politics · 24 êîììåíòàðèÿ
62
Åäèíî÷åñòâî
Åäèíî÷åñòâî
Ïóòèí, Ïåòóðáóðã è ïåòåðáóðæöû.
Íàïèñàë Beo , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 18.20 íà politota · 250 êîììåíòàðèåâ
308
Õðàíèòå çàïàñû â ãðèâíå — ñàìîé êðàñèâîé âàëþòå â ìèðå
Õðàíèòå çàïàñû â ãðèâíå — ñàìîé êðàñèâîé âàëþòå â ìèðå
Øâåéöàðñêèå ôèíàíñèñòû ðåøèëè, ÷òî â äåíüãàõ âàæíà íå òîëüêî ïîêóïàòåëüñêàÿ ñïîñîáíîñòü, íî è ýñòåòè÷åñêàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ, ïîïåðåáèðàëè ïðèâû÷íûìè ê ýòîìó ïàëüöàìè êóïþðû ðàçíûõ ñòðàí, è âûáðàëè ñàìûå êðàñèâûå. Èìè îêàçàëèñü ãðèâíû... Õîòü ÷òî–òî...
Íàïèñàë Doddy , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 18.07 íà ukraine · 107 êîììåíòàðèåâ
163
Ñèñòåìàòèçàöèÿ çíàíèé... î ãåÿõ
Íåáîëüøàÿ àííîòàöèÿ: èíîãäà íàøèì «ïðàâèòåëÿì» õî÷åòñÿ ñêàçàòü îãðîìíîå ñïàñèáî çà òî, ÷òî äðåìó÷åñòü èõ çíàíèé, ïîäâèãàåò íàñ ê òîìó, ÷òîáû êîïàòüñÿ â òåìå, êîòîðàÿ ðàíüøå êàçàëîñü àáñîëþòíî íå èíòåðåñíîé.
Çà ñâîþ ñîçíàòåëüíóþ æèçíü ìîå îòíîøåíèå ê ëþäÿì íåòðàäèöèîííîé îðèåíòàöèè ïîñòåïåííî èçìåíèëîñü îò íåãàòèâíîãî (â ãîäû þíîøåñêîé ïûëêîñòè ñóæäåíèé) ê ïîëíîñòüþ íåéòðàëüíîìó, êîãäà óìîì ïîíèìàåøü, ÷òî âñå ëþäè ðàçíûå è íå íóæíî èç ýòîãî äåëàòü òðàãåäèþ.
Íî ÷åðò âîçüìè, òîëüêî êëèíè÷åñêèé èäèîòèçì äåïóòàòîâ è ñîâåðøåííåéøàÿ òóïîñòü ïðèíèìàåìûõ çàêîíîâ ïîäâèãëè ìåíÿ ê òîìó, ÷òîáû ÷èòàòü ñòàòüè, ñëóøàòü ìíåíèÿ è ïðîñòî èíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ îòíîøåíèåì îêðóæàþùèõ ê ëþäÿì íåòðàäèöèîííîé îðèåíòàöèè. È âîò òóò–òî ïîíàäîáèëîñü ñôîðìèðîâàòü íå ïðîñòî íåéòðàëüíóþ òî÷êó çðåíèÿ, à ïîçèöèþ îñíîâàííóþ íà ôàêòàõ.
Òóò ñòîèò ñêàçàòü îãðîìíîå ñïàñèáî Äîêòîðó botalex(ïðîñòèòå çà ÆÆ), êîòîðûé íàïèñàë íà ýòó òåìó íåñêîëüêî ïîñòîâ, íî ìíå ïîêàçàëîñü, ÷òî èç ýòèõ ïîñòîâ áóäåò óìåñòíî âûòàùèòü ñàìóþ ñóòåâóþ ÷àñòü, êîòîðóþ ïîëåçíî èñïîëüçîâàòü â ïîâñåäíåâíîé àðãóìåíòàöèè ñâîåé ïîçèöèè. Åñëè åñòü æåëàþùèå ïî÷èòàòü ïîëíîñòüþ, òî ññûëêè â êîíöå.
Èòàê, ïîåõàëè:
1. Êðàéíå âàæíî ðàçäåëÿòü «Ñåêñóàëüíóþ îðèåíòàöèþ» è «ñåêñóàëüíîå ïîâåäåíèå». Ïóòàíèöà â ýòèõ òåðìèíàõ ïðèâîäèò ê îøèáî÷íûì âûâîäàì, ÷òî ñåêñóàëüíîå ïîâåäåíèå ÷åëîâåêà ìîæíî íàïðàâèòü (õîòÿ ïîä äåéñòâèåì îïðåäåëåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ ïîâåäåíèå ìîæåò îòêëîíÿòüñÿ îò îðèåíòàöèè, òóò óìåñòíî âñïîìíèòü õîòÿ áû àðìèþ èëè òþðüìó).
Ñåêñóàëüíàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ — íàïðàâëåííîñòü ñåêñóàëüíîãî âëå÷åíèÿ â îòíîøåíèè òîãî èëè èíîãî ïîëà. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, ñåêñóàëüíàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ îïðåäåëÿåò, íà ìóæ÷èíó èëè íà æåíùèíó èñïûòûâàåò (ñîçíàòåëüíî èëè íåîñîçíàííî) ñåêñóàëüíîå âîçáóæäåíèå èíäèâèä.
Ñåêñóàëüíîå ïîâåäåíèå îïðåäåëÿåò, ñ ëèöàìè êàêîãî ïîëà âñòóïàåò â ñåêñóàëüíûå ñâÿçè èíäèâèä.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì âàæíî – íå êàæäûé, êòî ñåêñóåòñÿ (îòëè÷íûé òåðìèí) ñ ëèöàìè ñâîåãî ïîëà èìååò ãîìîñåêñóàëüíóþ îðèåíòàöèþ. Íå âñÿêèé, êòî îáëàäàåò ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíîé îðèåíòàöèåé âñòóïàåò â ñåêñóàëüíûå êîíòàêòû èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ ëèöàìè ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî ïîëà.
2. Îòíîñèòåëüíî ñåêñóàëüíîé îðèåíòàöèè ñóùåñòâóåò äâå òåîðèè: ïñèõîàíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ (òåîðèÿ ñîöèàëèçàöèè) è áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ. Ïåðâàÿ ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ãîìîñåêñóàëüíîñòü ôîðìèðóåòñÿ ïñèõîëîãèåé, ñåìüåé, êîìïëåêñàìè è ò.ä. Àâòîð – äåäóøêà Ôðåéä. Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îáûâàòåëè èíòóèòèâíî äîâåðÿþò ýòîé òåîðèè, èññëåäîâàíèÿ åå íå ïîäòâåðæäàþò.  ÷àñòíîñòè ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî, íåñìîòðÿ íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ãîìîñåêñóàëüíûõ êîíòàêòîâ â ìóæñêèõ èíòåðíÀòàõ, âïîñëåäñòâèè ó ïîâçðîñëåâøèõ âîñïèòàííèêîâ ãîìîñåêñóàëüíàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ ôîðìèðóåòñÿ íå ÷àùå, ÷åì â ñðåäíåì ïî ïîïóëÿöèè.  äðóãîì èññëåäîâàíèè ëåñáèÿíêè ïîäâåðãàëèñü ñåêñóàëüíîìó ðàñòëåíèþ â äåòñòâå íè÷óòü íå ÷àùå, ÷åì ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíû æåíùèíû.
È ñàìûé íàãëÿäíûé ñëó÷àé – ýòî Áðþñ Ðåéìåð (ïèñàëè òóò). Î÷åíü êðàòêî – èç–çà íåóäà÷íîé îïåðàöèè ïî îáðåçàíèþ êðàéíåé ïëîòè îí ôàêòè÷åñêè ëèøèëñÿ ïåíèñà. Ðîäèòåëè ïûòàëèñü âîñïèòûâàòü, êàê äåâî÷êó, ñèäåë íà ãîðìîíàõ, ïîäâåðãñÿ îïåðàöèè ïî ñìåíå ïîëà.  âîçðàñòå 15 ëåò íà÷àë áóíòîâàòü ïðîòèâ ìàñêàðàäà. Ñäåëàë ìàñòýêòîìèþ, ïðîøåë êóðñ òåñòîñòåðîíà è ò.ä.  38 ëåò ïîêîí÷èë ñ ñîáîé.
×òî ýòî äîêàçûâàåò? ×òî ñåìüÿ, ïðîïàãàíäà è ò.ä. íå ìîãóò èç ìàëü÷èêà âûðàñòèòü äåâî÷êó (è íàîáîðîò), åñëè ÷åëîâåê ðîäèëñÿ áåç îòêëîíåíèé.
3. Áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ òåîðèÿ, îíà æå Ïðåíàòàëüíàÿ ãîðìîíàëüíàÿ òåîðèÿ, ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ñåêñóàëüíàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåòñÿ òåìè æå ìåõàíèçìàìè, ÷òî äðóãèå ïîëîâûå îñîáåííîñòè, à èìåííî ïîä âëèÿíèåì ãîðìîíîâ íà ýòàïàõ ðàííåãî ðàçâèòèÿ.
×òî â äîêàçàòåëüíîé áàçå?Ìàíèïóëÿöèè ñ êîíöåíòðàöèåé àíäðîãåíîâ íà ýòàïå âíóòðèóòðîáíîãî ðàçâèòèÿ êðûñ âëèÿåò íà äàëüíåéøåå ïðåäïî÷òåíèå ñåêñóàëüíîãî ïàðòíåðà òîãî èëè èíîãî ïîëà.
Ýòî æå ÿâëåíèå ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü çà ðàçâèòèåì ñåêñóàëüíîé îðèåíòàöèè ó æåíùèí ñ âðîæä¸ííîé ãèïåðïëàçèåé êîðû íàäïî÷å÷íèêîâ. Ïðè ýòîì çàáîëåâàíèè ïëîä æåíñêîãî ïîëà ïîäâåðãàåòñÿ âîçäåéñòâèþ î÷åíü âûñîêîãî óðîâíÿ àíäðîãåíîâ. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÷åòêî ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ó òàêèõ æåíùèí äîñòîâåðíî ÷àùå íàáëþäàþòñÿ ëåñáèéñêèå íàêëîííîñòè, â òîì ÷èñëå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ èõ çäîðîâûìè ñåñòðàìè, âîñïèòàííûìè â òîé æå ñåìüå.
Òàê æå çäåñü âàæíî, ÷òî â ðåçóëüòàòå èññëåäîâàíèé áûëè âûÿâëåíû íå òîëüêî ôóíêöèîíàëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ â ðàáîòå ãîëîâíîãî ìîçãà, íî è àíàòîìè÷åñêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ. Âî âñåõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ãåè ìóæ÷èíû ïðèáëèæàëèñü ïî ýòèì ïîêàçàòåëÿì ê æåíùèíàì. Êàê âû, íàâåðíÿêà ïîíèìàåòå, íàïðèìåð, ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå âíóòðåííåãî óõà èëè ðàçëè÷èå â îòíîñèòåëüíûõ ðàçìåðàõ ëåâîãî è ïðàâîãî ïîëóøàðèé ìîçãà, íåâîçìîæíî ñôîðìèðîâàòü â ñîöèóìå. Ýòî ëèáî åñòü îò ïðèðîäû, ëèáî íåò.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ñåêñóàëüíàÿ îðèåíòàöèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èìåííî âðîæäåííûì ïðèçíàêîì. Íå ãåíåòè÷åñêèì (ò.å. íå ïåðåäàåòñÿ ñ ãåíàìè ðîäèòåëåé), à îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ðàçâèòèåì ïëîäà â óòðîáå ìàòåðè.
Îòñþäà ñëåäóåò î÷åíü ïðîñòîé âûâîä – â ëþáîé íîðìàëüíîé ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíîé ñåìüå ìîæåò ðîäèòüñÿ ðåáåíîê ãîìîñåêñóàëüíîé îðèåíòàöèè. È íàîáîðîò – îäíîïîëàÿ ñåìüÿ, óñûíîâèâøàÿ ìàëü÷èêà, ìîæåò ñêîëüêî óãîäíî íàðÿæàòü åãî â ðîçîâîå ïëàòüèöå – îí âûðàñòåò íîðìàëüíûì ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíûì ìóæ÷èíîé.
4. Áèñåêñóàëüíîñòü – ìíîãèå ñ÷èòàþò áèñåêñóàëüíîñòü ñëåäñòâèåì ðàñïóùåííîñòè íðàâîâ è ïàäåíèÿ îáùåñòâà.  äóõå áàáóøåê íà ñêàìåéêå: «îí è ñ äðóãîì è ñ ïîäðóãîé, ñðàìîòà êàêàÿ–òî!». Âîò ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé: ó÷åíûå âçÿëè 3 ãðóïïû ìóæ÷èí, èäåíòèôèöèðîâàâøèõ ñåáÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî êàê ãîìî–, ãåòåðî — è áèñåêñóàëû. Áèñåêñóàëû óòâåðæäàëè, ÷òî èõ ïðèâëåêàþò îáà ïîëà ïðèìåðíî â ðàâíîé ñòåïåíè. Âñåì äåìîíñòðèðîâàëèñü ýðîòè÷åñêèå èçîáðàæåíèÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïëåòèçìîãðàô (àïïàðàò äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ êîëåáàíèé îáú¸ìà ïåíèñà â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñòåïåíè åãî êðîâåíàïîëíåíèÿ) ôèêñèðîâàë, êàê ïîäîïûòíûå ðåàãèðóþò íà òîò èëè èíîé ñòèìóë.  ðåçóëüòàòå îêàçàëîñü, ÷òî ãåòåðîñåêóàëîâ âîçáóæäàëè æåíñêèå îáðàçû, ãîìîñåêñóàëîâ – ìóæñêèå, à áèñåêñóàëîâ... ïðàêòè÷åñêè òîëüêî ìóæñêèå!
Ýòî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî ñ áèîëîãè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñóùåñòâóåò òîëüêî 2 òèïà ñåêñóàëüíîé îðèåíòàöèè: ãîìî — è ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíàÿ.Âñå ÷òî ïðîèñõîäèò äàëüøå, ýòî óæå ñëåäñòâèå âíóòðåííèõ ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêè çàïðåòîâ, òàáóèðîâàííîñòè îáùåñòâà, ñòåñíåíèÿ, íåæåëàíèÿ ïðèçíàâàòü ñîáñòâåííóþ ñóùíîñòü. Ôàêòè÷åñêè áèñåêñóàëû – ýòî ëàòåíòíûå ãåè, êîòîðûå åäâà ëè î÷åíü ñ÷àñòëèâû âåäÿ äâîéíóþ æèçíü.
5. Òðàíññåêñóàëüíîñòü– â îáùåé ïîïóëÿöèè òðàíññåêñóàëüíîñòü ó áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ìóæ÷èí äèàãíîñòèðóåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòîòîé îêîëî 30 : 1 000 000, ó áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ æåíùèí – 10 : 1 000 000. Òðàíññåêñóàëüíîñòü (èëè òðàíññåêñóàëèçì) – ýòî ïîñòîÿííàÿ è òîòàëüíàÿ èíâåðñèÿ ïîëîâîé ðîëè (ãåíäåðíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè), êîãäà àíàòîìè÷åñêèé ïîë ñóáúåêòà íå ñîâïàäàåò ñ åãî ïîëîâûì ñàìîñîçíàíèåì.Ôàêòè÷åñêè òðàíññåêñóàëû íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåé ñâîåé æèçíè îùóùàþò ñåáÿ ïîìåùåííûìè â ÷óæîå òåëî.
Òðàíññåêñóàëû íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ãåÿìè ïî ñóòè ðàññòðîéñòâà. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, èìåííî òðàíññåêñóàë (æåíîïîäîáíûé ìóæ÷èíà èëè ìóæåïîäîáíàÿ æåíùèíà) ÿâëÿåòñÿ ýòàëîííûì îáðàçîì ãåÿ â óìàõ îáûâàòåëåé, â òî âðåìÿ êàê íà ñàìîì äåëå áîëüøèíñòâî ãååâ è ëåñáèÿíîê íè âíåøíå, íè â ìàíåðàõ íè÷åì íå îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ãåòåðîñåêñóàëüíûõ ëèö ñâîåãî ïîëà, îíè ñîâåðøåííî äîâîëüíû ñâîåé àíàòîìèåé è íå òåðïÿò ãåíäåðíîãî íåñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ó äðóãèõ ãååâ è ëåñáèÿíîê. Íàïðèìåð, ïîäàâëÿþùåå áîëüøèíñòâî ãååâ, ãàê è ãåòåðåñåêñóàëû íàõîäÿò æåíîïîäîáíûõ ìóæ÷èí îòòàëêèâàþùèìè.
 îáùåì, òðàíññåêñóàëüíîñòü – ýòî ñëîæíàÿ òåìà, êîòîðàÿ âîîáùå íå èìååò íèêàêîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê ñîöèóìóì, ïñèõîëîãèè (â ÷àñòè âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ) è ñêëîíåíèÿ êîãî–ëèáî ê ÷åìó–ëèáî. Òðàíññåêñóàëîì íåëüçÿ ñòàòü. Èì ìîæíî ðîäèòüñÿ è íè÷åãî ðàäîñòíîãî â æèçíè òàêîãî ÷åëîâåêà ñêîðåé âñåãî íå áóäåò.
Èñòî÷íèê:
Ïðî ãååâ
Ïðî áèñåêñóàëîâ
Ïðî òðàíññåêñóàëîâ
À íàôèãà ýòî âñå? À çàòåì, ÷òî áîëüøèíñòâî ëþäåé, îêðóæàþùèõ íàñ, æèâåò â ñîáñòâåííîì, ïîä÷àñ óáîãîì, ìèðêå, êîòîðûé ñôîðìèðîâàí èç ñóåâåðèé, ïðåäóáåæäåíèé è çàêîñòåíåëûõ âçãëÿäîâ. È åñëè óæ âû ïðî÷èòàëè íå÷òî, ÷òî ðàñøèðÿåò âàø ñîáñòâåííûé êðóãîçîð, òî âûâàëèâàéòå ýòî è íà ñîáåñåäíèêîâ. Âîäà êàìåíü òî÷èò.
Íàïèñàë analitik13 , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 14.37 íà mind · 277 êîììåíòàðèåâ
301
Êëàññèêà ñîâåòñêîé ýðîòèêè
Êëàññèêà ñîâåòñêîé ýðîòèêè
Èñòî÷íèê
Àëüáîì ëèòîâñêîãî ìàñòåðà áûë âïåðâûå ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàí íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êíèæíîé ÿðìàðêå â Ìîñêâå â 1987 ãîäó. Èíîñòðàííûå ýêñïåðòû óäèâëÿëèñü: îòêóäà ìîã ïîÿâèòüñÿ òàêîé âûñîêèé óðîâåíü ìàñòåðñòâà â ñòðàíå, ãäå ôîòîãðàôèè â æàíðå «íþ» áûëè 70 ëåò ïîä çàïðåòîì.
 ñòàëèíñêîå âðåìÿ ìàëü÷èê ïîòåðÿë ìàòü, âûñëàííóþ â Ñèáèðü, è îêàçàëñÿ â äåòäîìå äëÿ äåòåé âðàãîâ íàðîäà. Îí ñìîã íå îæåñòî÷èòüñÿ, à èñêàòü êðàñîòó âîêðóã ñåáÿ. Àëüáîì ñîçäàâàëñÿ ìíîãèå ãîäû òàê, ÷òî íèêòî äî êîíå÷íîãî èçäàíèÿ íå âèäåë íè îäíîé ôîòîãðàôèè.
Ïðèçíàííûé ôîòîìàñòåð íå ïðèåìëåò ñåãîäíÿøíåé, êàê îí âûðàçèëñÿ, ýêñïëóàòàöèè æåíñêîãî îáðàçà â èñêóññòâå, êîãäà äàæå òâîðîæíûé ñûðîê ðåêëàìèðóåò ïîëóîáíàæåííàÿ äåâóøêà. Îäíàæäû õóäîæíèê çàÿâèë: «Ñâÿòàÿ òåìà ñòàëà ïðèìèòèâíûì òîâàðîì. Õî÷ó èç ýòîé ñôåðû âûéòè.»
P.S. Íàäåþñü, ÷òî âûáðàëà ïðàâèëüíûé ïîäñàéò.
Íàïèñàëà Riska , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 19.18 íà historyporn · 26 êîììåíòàðèåâ
123
Îí óøåë!
Îí óøåë!
Íàïèñàë boshetunmai , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 18.20 íà img · 47 êîììåíòàðèåâ
73
[Øåô–ïîâàð] Òåõíîëîã ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè.
18 ëåò ñòàæ. Âîçãëàâëÿë êðóïíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî êóëèíàðíûõ èçäåëèé, ðàáîòàë ñ ðåñòîðàíàìè, ôàáðèêàìè–êóõíÿìè è ò.ä.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ çàíèìàþñü êîíñóëüòàöèÿìè ïî îòêðûòèþ çàâåäåíèé, ïîìîãàþ ñ ñîçäàíèåì ìåíþ, ïåðñîíàëîì, "ñòàâëþ" êóõíþ. Òàêæå ðàáîòàþ íà ÷àñòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèÿõ â êà÷åñòâå ãðèëü–ìàñòåðà.
Íàïèñàë Nave , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 10.53 íà sprosi · 449 êîììåíòàðèåâ
287
X Rebirth
X Rebirth
Egosoft îïóáëèêîâàëè òðåéëåð ñâîåãî íîâîãî êîñìîñèìóëÿòîðà. Ñóäÿ ïî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûì äàííûì, âñåõ ôàíàòîâ ñåðèè æäåò íå÷òî ãðàíäèîçíîå. Îáåùàþò, ÷òî íà íà÷àëüíîì ýòàïå ðàçâèòèÿ èãðà áóäåò íàìíîãî áîëåå äðóæåëþáíîé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íîâè÷êàì. Çàïëàíèðîâàííàÿ äàòà âûõîäà — 15 íîÿáðÿ 2013.  Steam óæå ïîÿâèëàñü ñòðàíè÷êà ñ èãðîé, ãäå ìîæíî ïîñìîòðåòü ñêðèíøîòû ãåéìïëåÿ.
Íàïèñàë JumpDa , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 17.11 íà games · 38 êîììåíòàðèåâ
64
ß âñå ïîìíþ, ÿ — äåëüôèí!
ß âñå ïîìíþ, ÿ — äåëüôèí!
 äèêîé ïðèðîäå äåëüôèíû î÷åíü ïîäâèæíû è íå ïðèâÿçàíû ê îïðåäåëåííîé ãðóïïå. Ïîòîìó ó êàæäîãî æèâîòíîãî ñóùåñòâóåò ñâîé óíèêàëüíûé ïîçûâíîé. Ó÷åíûå èç ×èêàãñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (ÑØÀ) ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Äæåéñîíà Áðóêà ðåøèëè âûÿñíèòü, ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè äåëüôèíû ìîãóò ïîìíèòü ïîçûâíûå ñâîèõ äðóçåé. Äëÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòà èññëåäîâàòåëè èñïîëüçîâàëè 43 îñîáè ðàçíûõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïï.
Ó÷åíûå ïîñòîÿííî ìåíÿëè ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå äåëüôèíîâ. Íåêîòîðûå îñîáè íå âèäåëè ïàðòíåðîâ ïî ýêñïåðèìåíòó íåñêîëüêî ëåò. Ñïóñòÿ êàêîå–òî âðåìÿ èññëåäîâàòåëè âîñïðîèçâîäèëè äåëüôèíàì ïîçûâíûå èõ ñîðîäè÷åé. Ê ÷óæèì ïîçûâíûì æèâîòíûå áûëè ðàâíîäóøíû, à "ñâîèõ" äåëüôèíû âñïîìèíàëè è ïûòàëèñü êîíòàêòèðîâàòü ñ äèíàìèêîì, âîñïðîèçâîäèâøèì çíàêîìûå çâóêè. Ê êîíöó ýêñïåðèìåíòà áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïàìÿòü äåëüôèíîâ ìîæåò ïðåâûøàòü 20 ëåò.
Íàïèñàë ikocs , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 14.49 íà science · 21 êîììåíòàðèé
80
30 èç 150
30 èç 150
Íîâûé ñáîðíèê íàøåé ëþáèìîé Äèñêîòåêè Êîñîâî ãîòîâ. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ íîâûå ðåàëèè òðåáóþò äðàêîíîâñêèõ ìåòîäîâ, è èç áîëåå ÷åì 150 ïîñòîâ çà èþíü ìû îòîáðàëè 30 òðåêîâ. Çàòî êàêèõ — ïàëü÷èêè îáëèæåøü.
Íàìåêí¸ì: ïîñòû, ñîñòîÿùèå èç îäíîé ëèøü ññûëêè íà Þòüþá áåç îïèñàíèÿ, ëè÷íûõ âïå÷àòëåíèé, ïîáóäèâøèõ ïîòðåâîæèòü äðåìîòó çäåøíèõ îáèòàòåëåé, èëè, íàïðèìåð, êë¸âîé èñòîðèè ñîçäàíèÿ ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, êîòîðóþ àâòîð ïîñòà óñëûøàë íà êóõíå ó àâòîðà ïåñíè â 86 ãîäó çà äðóæåñêîé òàðåëêîé êàéçåðøìàððåíà, ìû ñòàðàëèñü îáõîäèòü ñòîðîíîé, çà ðåäêèì èñêëþ÷åíèåì.
Åñëè âû âäðóã ïîñ÷èòàåòå, ÷òî ìû íåçàñëóæåííî ïðîïóñòèëè ïåñíþ–äðóãóþ — ìèëîñòè ïðîñèì — äîáàâèì â ñëåäóþùèõ âûïóñêàõ. À ïîêà — òåêóùèé òðåêëèñò Mudi XCVI — â ïåðâîì êîììåíòàðèè.
P.S. Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå ññûëêè íà ñêà÷èâàíèå: Äðîïáîêñ, Íåêàêà, Ðóñôîëäåð.
Íàïèñàë kiLstrom , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 13.59 íà music · 58 êîììåíòàðèåâ
84
Äîñòó÷àòüñÿ äî íåáåñ — 2
Äîñòó÷àòüñÿ äî íåáåñ — 2
Àâòîð
Íàïèñàë ob1 , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 13.01 íà img · 19 êîììåíòàðèåâ
90
Ðóññêèå íàðîäíûå ñêàçêè ïðèçíàíû âðåäíûìè äëÿ äåòåé
Âîò ýòî óæå ñîâñåì íå â êàêèå âîðîòà íå ëåçåò, â íàðîäíûõ ñêàçêàõ ïåðåäà¸òñÿ ìóäðîñòü ïîêîëåíèé. Äà è âîîáùå áîðüáà ñ ôîëüêëîðîì, ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ ýòî óæå áîðüáà ïðîòèâ íàöèè.
Íàïèñàë pmihail1 , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 10.59 íà politota · 168 êîììåíòàðèåâ
88
Òèíüêîâ, òû, íàâåðíîå, çàáûë, ÷òî â îòëè÷èå îò ïðåçèäåíòà â íàøåé ñòðàíå áàíê åùå ìîæíî ñìåíèòü
Òèíüêîâ, òû, íàâåðíîå, çàáûë, ÷òî â îòëè÷èå îò ïðåçèäåíòà â íàøåé ñòðàíå áàíê åùå ìîæíî ñìåíèòü
Ñïàñèáî çà äåíüãè. Èäè ïîòî÷è.
Îñòîðîæíî, â ýòîì ïîñòå çàêðûâàþòñÿ ñ÷åòà è ðàçðåçàþòñÿ êðåäèòêè.
Íàïèñàë ethaniel , 8 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 22.12 íà politics · 871 êîììåíòàðèé
664
"Áàíêèðû", îáìàíóâøèå ãîñóäàðñòâî íà 10 ìëðä ðóá., àìíèñòèðîâàíû
Ïîìíèòå ðàçãîâîðû î ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé àìíèñòèè, êîòîðóþ îáúÿâèëî íàøå ãîñóäàðñòâî? À âîò âàì è ñ÷àñòëèâûå àìíèñòèðîâàííûå: Ïîäïîëüíûå áàíêèðû Ýëüíóð Ìèðçîåâ è Ñàáóõà Ñàôàðàëèåâ, îáìàíóâøèå ãîñóäàðñòâî íà 10 ìëðä ðóá., ïðèçíàíû âèíîâíûìè è îñâîáîæäåíû ïî íåäàâíî îáúÿâëåííîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé àìíèñòèè.
Ñîãëàñíî ðåøåíèþ ñóäà, Ý.Ìèðçîåâ è Ñ.Ñàôàðàëèåâ ïðèçíàíû âèíîâíûìè â íåçàêîííîé áàíêîâñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ñîâåðøåííîé îðãàíèçîâàííîé ãðóïïîé è ñîïðÿæåííîé ñ èçâëå÷åíèåì äîõîäà â îñîáî êðóïíîì ðàçìåðå, è ïðèãîâîðåíû ê ïîëóòîðà ãîäàì ëèøåíèÿ ñâîáîäû êàæäûé. Îáâèíÿåìûå ñâîþ âèíó ïðèçíàëè, à ïîñåìó áûëè ìîìåíòàëüíî àìíèñòèðîâàíû.
Âîò âàì è âñÿ àìíèñòèÿ, íàãëÿäíî: Äâà «Ðàôèêà» ïîèìåëè ãîñóäàðñòâî íà 10 ìèëëèàðäîâ ðóáëåé, ïðèçíàëè ñåáÿ âèíîâíûìè è òóò æå áûëè îñâîáîæäåíû. Ïðè÷¸ì íà àáñîëþòíî çàêîííûõ îñíîâàíèÿõ.
Íàïèñàë pmihail1 , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 00.21 íà politota · 89 êîììåíòàðèåâ
285
Êîðîëåâà ïîæåðòâîâàíèé
Êîðîëåâà ïîæåðòâîâàíèé
Áûë íå òàê äàâíî íà êîøà÷üåé âûñòàâêå, âíèìàíèå ïðèâëåêëà êîøêà ñîáèðàâøàÿ ïîæåðòâîâàíèÿ äëÿ êîøà÷üåãî ïðèþòà — îíà òàñêàëà çà ñîáîé ìàëåíüêóþ êîïèëêó íà êîëåñàõ è âèä èìåëà âåñüìà ñóðîâûé...
Ïîëîæèëè äåíþæêó è ñôîòîãðàôèðîâàëè — íå ñìîãëè ïðîéòè ìèìî òàêîãî òèïàæà. Â êîììåíòàõ íåñêîëüêî ôîòî ñ òîé æå âûñòàâêè.
Íàïèñàë aminin , 9 Àâãóñòà 2013 â 04.26 íà kotiki · 42 êîììåíòàðèÿ
122
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Î ñàéòå
Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ
Ðàçìåùåíèå ðåêëàìû
Àpõèâû ñàéòà
Ïðàâèëà
©2013
Îáùèå âîïðîñû —
mailbox@d3.ru
×òî-òî ñëîìàëîñü?
wtf@d3.ru
Ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîå ñîãëàøåíèå
Ïîëèòèêà êîíôèäåíöèàëüíîñòè
Ñàéò òîëüêî äëÿ ñîâåðøåííîëåòíèõ.
Ââåäèòå ïàðîëü èëè çàðåãèñòðèðóéòåñü.
Permalink | Advertise | Privacy | Mobile
Web01 | 2.6.130804.1 | Last Updated 21 Oct 2009
Article Copyright 2009 by Carsten Zeumer
Everything else Copyright © CodeProject, 1999-2013
Terms of Use
Layout: fixed | fluid